Table 2.
Association of DII and risk of cancer mortality
| Study number | First author (year) | design | Follow up (years) | Food assessment questionnaire | Study subjects | Type of cancer mortality | Total sample size (death number) | Groups | Type of effect size measure | Effect size measure (95% CI) | Covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1-1 | Fang Emily Deng (2016)[52] | cohort | 135 and 168 person - months | 24 HR | Normal | Allcancers | 9631 (385) | Tertile 1 (ref) (<−0.20) vs. Tertile 3 (>2.0) | HR | 1.23 (0.84-1.79) | age, sex, race, HgbA1C, current smoking,physical activity, BMI, SBP |
| Lung cancer | 9631 (99) | 1.4 (0.79-2.47) | |||||||||
| Digestive-tract cancer | 9631 (99) | 1.38 (0.69-2.76) | |||||||||
| 1-2 | Fang Emily Deng (2016)[52] | cohort | 135 and 168 person - months | 24 HR | Pre - diabetic | All cancers | 2681 (208) | Tertile 1 (ref) (<−0.20) vs. Tertile 3 (>2.0) | HR | 2.02 (1.27-3.21) | age, sex, race, HgbA1C, current smoking, physical activity, BMI, SBP |
| Lung cancer | 2681 (66) | 2.01 (0.93-4.34) | |||||||||
| Digestive-tract cancer | 2681 (50) | 2.89 (1.08-7.71) | |||||||||
| 1-3 | Fang Emily Deng (2016)[52] | cohort | 135 and 168 person - months | 24 HR | Diabetic | All cancers | 968 (83) | Tertile 1 (ref) (<−0.20) vs. Tertile 3 (>2.0) | HR | 1.00 (0.49-2.04) | age, sex, race, HgbA1C, current smoking, physical activity, BMI, SBP |
| Lung cancer | 968 (27) | 0.55 (0.09-3.36) | |||||||||
| Digestive-tract cancer | 968 (27) | 1.30 (0.40-4.28) | |||||||||
| 2-1 | Aleksander Galas (2014)a[53] | cohort | 3,180.31 person - years | 148 item semi - quantitative FFQ | Patients without distant metastases | Colorectal cancer | 511 (150) | High (>- 2.27) vs. low (≤ -2.27) | HR | 0.76 (0.55-1.08) | Age, smoking, marital status, overweight or obesity, calendar year when surgery was performed, surgery type, cancer site, chemotherapy after surgery, radiotherapy after surgery |
| Patients with distant metastases | 178 (159) | 1.06 (0.76-1.48) | |||||||||
| 2-2 | Aleksander Galas (2014)a[53] | cohort | 3,180.31 person - years | 148 itemsemi - quantitative FFQ | Patients without distant metastases | Colorectal cancer | 511 (150) | Continuous DII (per one unit increment) | HR | 0.98 (0.92-1.05) | Age, smoking, marital status, overweight or obesity, calendar year when surgery was performed, surgery type, cancer site, chemotherapy after surgery, radiotherapy after surgery |
| Patients with distant metastases | 178 (159) | 1.003 (0.93-1.08) | |||||||||
| 3-1 | Laurie Graffouille`re (2016)b[54] | cohort | 12.4 | 24 HR | Healthy subjects | All cancers | 7994 (123) | Tertile 3 vs. Tertile 1* | HR | 1.83 (1.12-2.99) | Age, sex, intervention group of the initial SU.VI.MAX trial, number of 24-h dietary records, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, educational level, family history of cancer in first-degree relatives, family history of CVD in first-degree relatives, energy intake without alcohol, and alcohol intake |
| 3-2 | Laurie Graffouille`re (2016)b[54] | cohort | 12.4 | 24 HR | Healthy subjects | All cancers | 7994 (123) | Continuous DII (per one unit increment) | HR | 1.18 (1.04-1.34) | age, sex, intervention group of the initial SU.VI.MAX trial, number of 24-h dietary records, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, educational level, family history of cancer in first-degree relatives, family history of CVD in first-degree relatives, energy intake without alcohol, and alcohol intake |
| 4-1 | Nitin Shivappa (2016)b[55] | Cohort | 25 | 121-item FFQ | postmeno-pausal women | All cancers | 37525 (5044) | Quartile 4 (0.6469 to 4.6598) vs. Quartile 1(−5.7509 to−2.5041) | HR | 1.08 (0.99-1.18) | age, BMI, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, HRT use, education, prevalent diabetes, prevalent hypertension, prevalent heart disease, prevalent cancer, total energy intake |
| Digestive tract cancers | 37525 (1240) | 1.19 (1.00-1.43) | |||||||||
| 4-2 | Nitin Shivappa (2016)b[55] | Cohort | 25 | 121-item FFQ | postmeno-pausal women | All cancers | 37525 (5044) | Continuous DII (per one unit increment) | HR | 1.04 (1.01-1.07) | age, BMI, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, HRT use, education, prevalent diabetes, prevalent hypertension, prevalent heart disease,prevalent cancer, total energy intake |
| Digestive tract cancers | 37525 (1240) | 1.07 (1.01-1.14) | |||||||||
| 5-1 | Nitin Shivappa (2016)e[56] | Cohort | 15 | 96-item FFQ | Healthy women | All cancers | 33747 (1996) | Quintile 5 (> 5.10) vs. Quintile 1 (<−4.19) | HR | 1.25 (0.96-1.64) | Age, energy, BMI, education, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake |
| Digestive tract cancers | 33747 (602) | 1.42 (0.82-2.49) | |||||||||
| 5-2 | Nitin Shivappa (2016)e[56] | Cohort | 15 | 96-item FFQ | Healthy women | All cancers | 33747 (1996) | Continuous DII (per one unit increment) | HR | 1.04 (0.99-1.11) | Age, energy, BMI, education, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake |
| Digestive cancer | 33747 (602) | 1.15 (1.02-1.29) | |||||||||
| 6-1 | Nitin Shivappa (2015)q[57] | Cohort | 13.5±4.0 | 24 HR | Healthy subjects | All cancers | 12366 (615) | Tertile 3 (2.03 to 4.83) vs. Tertile 1 (−5.60 to−0.22) | HR | 1.46 (1.10-1.96) | age, sex, race, diabetes status, hypertension, physical activity, BMI, poverty index, and smoking |
| Digestive tract cancers | 12,366 (158) | ||||||||||
| 2.10 (1.15-3.84) | |||||||||||
| 6-2 | Nitin Shivappa (2015)q[57] | Cohort | 13.5±4.0 | 24 HR | Healthy subjects | All cancers | 12,366 (615) | Continuous DII (per one unit increment) | HR | 1.04 (0.97-1.11) | age, sex, race, diabetes status, hypertension, physical activity, BMI, poverty index, and smoking |
| Digestive tract cancers | |||||||||||
| 12,366 (158) | 1.08 (0.95-1.22) | ||||||||||
| 7 | Fred K Tabung (2016) a[50] | Cohort | 16.02 | 122-item FFQ | Postmeno-pausal women | Breast cancer | 122788 (667) | Quintile 5 (1.874 to 5.519) vs. Quintile 1 (−7.055 to <−3.162) | HR | 1.33 (1.01-1.76) | age, energy intake, race/ethnicity, income, education, smoking status, mammography within 2 years of baseline, age at menarche, number of live births, oophorectomy status, hormone therapy use, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, dietary modification trial arm, hormone therapy trial arm, body mass index, and physical activity |
| 8 | Antonella Zucchetto (2016)[58] | Cohort | 12.7 | 78-item FFQ | Patients with prostate cancer | Prostate cancer | 726 (76) | Tertile 3 vs. Tertile 1* | HR | 1.42 (0.73-2.76) | area of residence, calendar period of diagnosis, age at diagnosis, education, smoking habits, abdominal obesity, alcohol intake, energy intake |
FFQ: Food frequency questionnaire, 24HR: 24 hour recall, HR: Hazard ratio, DII: Dietary inflammatory index