Table 4.

Multivariable analyses of depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and mental health care-seeking in the present study, 2016–2017

	Depressive symptoms		Suicidal ideation		Mental health care-seeking
	AOR (95% CI)	P value	AOR (95% CI)	P value	AOR (95% CI)	P value
Sexa
Male	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)
Female	1.40 (1.13–1.73)	0.002	1.46 (1.16–1.84)	0.001	1.37 (1.03–1.82)	0.030
Residenceb
Urban	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)
Rural	1.47 (1.08–1.99)	0.013	0.86 (0.62–1.18)	0.348	2.32 (1.52–3.55)	0.000
Level of Schoolc
No school	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)
Basic	0.96 (0.75–1.24)	0.777	0.80 (0.62–1.03)	0.081	1.18 (0.84–1.66)	0.336
Higher	0.96 (0.70–1.32)	0.796	0.64 (0.46–0.90)	0.010	0.88 (0.57–1.36)	0.565
Aged
26–35	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)
18–25	0.86 (0.67–1.12)	0.265	1.10 (0.81–1.43)	0.633	1.11 (0.79–1.57)	0.541
36–45	1.09 (0.84–1.42)	0.502	1.60 (1.20–2.09)	0.001	1.33 (0.94–1.88)	0.109
46–55	1.14 (0.83–1.56)	0.429d	1.76 (1.27–2.44)	0.001	1.73 (1.16–2.58)	0.007
> 55	1.83 (1.38–2.42)	0.000	1.62 (1.18–2.22)	0.003	1.57 (1.06–2.33)	0.024
Marital statusf
Married	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)
Divorced/separated	1.80 (1.24–2.62)	0.002	1.77 (1.20–2.60)	0.004	1.75 (1.10–2.78)	0.018
Widowed	2.00 (1.40–2.86)	0.000	1.73 (1.20–2.48)	0.003	1.00 (0.61–1.64)	0.991
Single	1.23 (0.67–2.26)	0.511	1.00 (0.49–2.08)	0.990	0.98 (0.41–2.31)	0.955
Religionf
Pentecostal	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)
Catholic	1.06 (0.79–1.42)	0.715	0.78 (0.56–1.10)	0.163	0.96 (0.64–1.42)	0.826
Muslim	1.11 (0.49–2.48)	0.806	0.73 (0.25–2.12)	0.565	1.06 (0.36–3.12)	0.923
Zion	1.09 (0.81–1.47)	0.553	1.09 (0.80–1.49)	0.568	1.27 (0.88–1.85)	0.198
Anglican	1.30 (0.61–2.77)	0.503	0.61 (0.21–1.76)	0.363	0.75 (0.23–2.46)	0.638
Johan Masowe/Johan Maranga	0.42 (0.13–1.40)	0.159	1.10 (0.45–2.72)	0.833	0.71 (0.19–2.68)	0.617
No religion	0.72 (0.53–0.97)	0.033	0.91 (0.67–1.22)	0.528	0.64 (0.42–0.97)	0.036
Other Christian	0.62 (0.35–1.09)	0.098	1.09 (0.65–1.83)	0.739	1.01 (0.53–1.92)	0.971
Not sure	0.49 (0.06–3.82)	0.499	0.67 (0.09–4.76)	0.685	1.18 (0.16–8.87)	0.870
Other	1.56 (0.94–2.58)	0.086	1.08 (0.61–1.92)	0.792	0.96 (0.46–2.00)	0.917
SESe
5th quintile	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)
1st quintile (poorest)	0.65 (0.43–0.98)	0.041	1.44 (0.91–2.28)	0.118	0.51 (0.29–0.88)	0.015
2nd quintile	0.70 (0.47–1.04)	0.079	1.31 (0.83–2.05)	0.242e	0.47 (0.27–0.81)	0.007
3rd quintile	0.79 (0.54–1.15)	0.216	1.39 (0.90–2.13)	0.136	0.64 (0.39–1.07)	0.087
4th quintile	0.82 (0.60–1.14)	0.236	1.45 (1.01–2.07)	0.045	0.99 (0.64–1.52)	0.951
Alcoholf
Never	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)
Once a month or less	1.31 (0.97–1.77)	0.081	1.46 (1.06–2.01)	0.019	1.06 (0.70–1.60)	0.783
2–4× per month	1.19 (0.77–1.84)	0.432	1.42 (0.90–2.23)	0.133	1.48 (0.88–2.51)	0.143
2–4× per week	1.58 (0.96–2.59)	0.073	1.63 (0.96–2.77)	0.073	0.95 (0.46–1.97)	0.894
4 or more per week	0.80 (0.31–2.11)	0.658	2.56 (1.15–5.71)	0.022	1.99 (0.76–5.21)	0.162
Overall disabilityf
≤ 12	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)
13–24	1.00 (0.81–1.23)	0.994	1.16 (0.92–1.46)	0.201	1.37 (1.03–1.82)	0.033
25–36	1.02 (0.63–1.67)	0.922	2.04 (1.29–3.23)	0.002	1.50 (0.81–2.75)	0.196
> = 37	2.89 (1.64–5.09)	0.000	1.64 (0.85–3.18)	0.143	2.01 (0.93–4.32)	0.074
Any injuryf
No injury	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)
Injury	1.62 (1.21–2.13)	0.001	1.62 (1.20–2.18)	0.002	1.55 (1.09–2.20)	0.016
Assault injuryf
No injury from assault	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)	1 (ref)	(ref)
Injury from assault	1.49 (0.71–3.12)	0.289	2.08 (1.01–4.32)	0.048	1.75 (0.73–4.18)	0.208

^aAdjusted for age, SES, education, residence

^bAdjusted for age, SES, education, sex

^cAdjusted for SES, sex, residence

^dAdjusted for SES, residence

^eAdjusted for age, sex, education, residence

^fAdjusted for age, sex, education, SES, residence