Table 3.

Cox proportional hazards models, association between dose change group and new-onset depression, unweighted and weighted by inverse probability of exposure, chronic opioid users (2002–2012) (n = 7051).^*

Variable	Model 1–crude†	Model 2–weighted‡	Model 3–weighted + pain§
	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
Dose change group
Stable	1.00	1.00	1.00
Decreasing	0.91 (0.76–1.09)	0.90 (0.75–1.07)	0.91 (0.76–1.09)
Slow increase	1.40 (1.20–1.62)	1.20 (1.04–1.40)	1.22 (1.05–1.42)
Rapid increase	2.00 (1.66–2.42)	1.59 (1.31–1.94)	1.58 (1.30–1.93)
Arthritis			1.20 (1.01–1.43)
Back pain			1.71 (1.46–2.00)
Headache			1.57 (1.37–1.81)
Musculoskeletal pain			1.56 (1.36–1.78)
Neuropathy			1.10 (0.96–1.25)
Pain score			1.10 (1.08–1.12)

^*Test for proportional hazards assumption, P = 0.104.

^†Significant contrasts: decrease vs slow increase; decrease vs rapid increase; slow increase vs rapid increase.

^‡Significant contrasts: decrease vs slow increase; decrease vs rapid increase; slow increase vs rapid increase.

^§Significant contrasts: decrease vs slow increase; decrease vs rapid increase; slow increase vs rapid increase.

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.