Table 3.
Marginal effects of demographic and work-related characteristics of U.S. farmworkers on the probability of sanitation access.
| (1) | (2) | (3) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prob(Access to water for hand washing) |
Prob(Access to toilet) |
Prob(Access to drinking water) |
|
| Female = 1 | 0.01 | 0.02** | 0.02** |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Age (10s years) | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.00* |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Education (10s years) | 0.02** | 0.02** | 0.00 |
| (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.01) | |
| Farm Experience (10s years) | 0.00 | −0.00 | 0.00 |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Tenure (10s years) | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.00 |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Has Spouse in U.S. = 1 | 0.01 | 0.01** | 0.00 |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Children (number) | −0.00 | −0.00 | −0.00 |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Naturalized Citizen = 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Green Card or Other Auth. = 1 | 0.00 | 0.01 | −0.02 |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Undocumented = 1 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Speaks English = 1 | 0.01* | 0.01* | −0.00 |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.01) | |
| From Mexico = 1 | −0.01** | −0.02** | −0.01 |
| (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.01) | |
| Piece rate = 1 | −0.03** | −0.00 | 0.01* |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Hourly = 1 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Field Crops = 1 | −0.04** | −0.04** | 0.00 |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Fruit Crops = 1 | 0.01* | 0.02** | 0.03** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Horticulture = 1 | 0.04** | 0.04** | 0.03** |
| (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.01) | |
| Vegetables = 1 | 0.01 | 0.03** | 0.03** |
| (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.01) | |
| Preharvest = 1 | −0.01* | −0.01 | −0.00 |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Harvest = 1 | −0.01 | −0.00 | 0.01* |
| (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.01) | |
| Postharvest = 1 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.01) | |
| Semi-skill = 1 | −0.03** | −0.03** | −0.01 |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| East = 1 | −0.11** | −0.18** | −0.06** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Southeast = 1 | −0.12** | −0.17** | −0.08** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Midwest = 1 | −0.12** | −0.10** | −0.10** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Southwest = 1 | −0.15** | −0.20** | −0.15** |
| (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |
| Northwest = 1 | −0.07** | −0.04** | −0.07** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Time Trend (10s years) | 0.06** | 0.04** | 0.01* |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Observations (N) | 55,786 | 55,927 | 37,443 |
Source: NAWS and author calculations.
Notes: Probit marginal effects with robust standard errors in parentheses;
**
p < 0.01,
*
p < 0.05