Table 2.
Results of Multilevel Models with Age and Regulation Strategy/Tactic Predicting Change in Affect
| Predictor | Affect Change Without Tactic | Tactic Effects on Affect Change | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercepta | MAb | OAb | Strategy/Tacticc | MAd | OAd | |
| 0.98 (.12)*** | −0.29 (.17) | 0.06 (.18) | 0.19 (.09)* | −0.17 (.12) | −0.34 (.15)* | |
| Avoid Negative | 1.12 (.10)*** | −0.37 (.15)* | −0.20 (.14) | 0.05 (.11) | −0.22 (.15) | −0.05 (.17) |
| Seek Out Positive | 1.05 (.11)*** | −0.44 (.16)** | −0.16 (.15) | 0.16 (.11) | 0.09 (.14) | −0.11 (.14) |
| Seek Out Negative | 1.12 (.10)*** | −0.40 (.15)** | −0.20 (.14) | −0.07 (.29) | −0.03 (.53) | −0.13 (.46) |
| Stay in Situation | 1.13 (.10)*** | −0.41 (.15)** | −0.17 (.14) | −0.00 (.25) | −0.23 (.31) | −0.47 (.31) |
| Situation Modification | 0.81 (.13)*** | −0.36 (.19) | −0.21 (.18) | 0.46 (.12)*** | −0.09 (.17) | −0.08 (.17) |
| Make Less Negative | 1.06 (.10)*** | −0.39 (.15)* | −0.15 (.13) | 0.33 (.11)** | −0.19 (.13) | −0.31 (.16)* |
| Make More Positive | 0.95 (.11)*** | −0.36 (.16)* | −0.13 (.15) | 0.50 (.13)** | −0.11 (.16) | −0.20 (.16) |
| Make More Negative | 1.13 (.10)*** | −0.41 (.15)** | −0.21 (.14) | −0.61 (.35) | 0.24 (.56) | 0.09 (.66) |
| Accept Situation | 1.12 (.10)*** | −0.40 (.15)** | −0.22 (.14) | 0.02 (.15) | −0.14 (.21) | 0.11 (.20) |
| Attentional Deploy. | 0.96 (.10)*** | −0.48 (.16)** | −0.45 (.16)** | 0.25 (.11)* | 0.05 (.17) | 0.26 (.17) |
| Distract from Neg. | 1.06 (.10)*** | −0.36 (.15)* | −0.17 (.14) | 0.20 (.11) | −0.20 (.14) | −0.12 (.15) |
| Attend to Positive | 1.06 (.10)*** | −0.45 (.16)** | −0.30 (.15)* | 0.15 (.09) | 0.13 (.15) | 0.12 (.14) |
| Attend to Negative | 1.13 (.10)*** | −0.41 (.14)** | −0.22 (.14) | −0.33 (.27) | −0.24 (.38) | 0.15 (.37) |
| Cognitive Change | 0.93 (.09)*** | −0.49 (.15)** | −0.31 (.14)* | 0.32 (.10)** | 0.10 (.14) | 0.11 (.13) |
| Detached Reappraisal | 1.07 (.10)*** | −0.39 (.15)** | −0.17 (.14) | 0.30 (.13)* | −0.11 (.13) | −0.18 (.17) |
| Positive Reappraisal | 1.06 (.09)*** | −0.46 (.15)** | −0.24 (.13) | 0.22 (.09)* | 0.10 (.14) | 0.05 (.12) |
| Negative Focus | 1.13 (.09)*** | −0.41 (.15)** | −0.21 (.14) | −0.12 (.25) | −0.10 (.32) | −0.00 (.30) |
| Accept Emotions | 1.12 (.10)*** | −0.41 (.15)** | −0.21 (.13) | −0.06 (.11) | −0.00 (.17) | 0.02 (.18) |
| Response Modulation | 1.04 (.10)*** | −0.40 (.15)** | −0.19 (.15) | 0.22 (.10)* | −0.06 (.13) | −0.08 (.14) |
| Expressive Suppr. | 1.13 (.10)*** | −0.41 (.15)** | −0.22 (.14) | −0.07 (.17) | 0.01 (.20) | 0.18 (.20) |
| Mask with Positive | 1.05 (.10)*** | −0.39 (.15)* | −0.16 (.14) | 0.33 (.15)* | −0.11 (.21) | −0.10 (.18) |
| Express/Exaggerate | 1.11 (.10)*** | −0.40 (.15)** | −0.18 (.14) | 0.14 (.14) | −0.12 (.23) | −0.32 (.21) |
| Other | 1.07 (.10)*** | −0.40 (.14)** | −0.22 (.14) | 0.44 (.20)* | −0.17 (.24) | −0.08 (.24) |
| Affect Before | 4.23 (.14) | 0.42 (.22) | 0.45 (.21)* | |||
| Affect After | 5.33 (.10) | 0.02 (.15) | 0.24 (.16) | |||
| Affect Change | 1.12 (.10) | −0.41 (.15)** | −0.20 (.14) | |||
Note.
a
A significant effect indicates YAs reported a significant change in affect from before to after attempting to regulate in the absence of this tactic.
b
A significant effect indicates that the affect change reported by MAs or OAs was significantly different from that of YAs.
c
A significant positive effect indicates that affect change was greater for episodes when this tactic was used, compared to when it was not, for YAs (i.e., effectiveness for younger adults).
d
A significant effect indicates that MAs or OAs differed in affect change when using this tactic from YAs (i.e., age differences in effectiveness).