Table 2B.

Urine biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure among non-smokers and cigarettes, waterpipe and dual smokers from cohort I and non-smokers and waterpipe tobacco smokers from cohort II

Biomarkers	Non-smokers	Cigarette smokers	Waterpipe smokers	Dual smokers
Cohort I urine samples
Inflammatory mediators
S100A8 (pg/mL, n=8–10)	392.70±131.20	125.00±34.79	111.90±49.11	133.00±25.30
S100A9 (pg/mL, n=8–10)	385.00±101.80	80.06±32.55*	44.96±21.51*	249.80±93.39
Uteroglobin/CC-10 (pg/mL, n=9–10)	1519.00±545.90	1744.00±537.00	3721.00±1028.00	2757.00±864.00
Tissue injury and repair
Serpine1/PAI-1 (pg/mL, n=9–10)	1.96±0.57	3.55±0.38	3.81±0.59	5.35±1.09*
Cohort II urine samples		NA		NA
Inflammatory ediators
S100A8 (pg/mL, n=22–26)	307.50±74.64		233.40±81.47
S100A9 (pg/mL, n=20–29)	765.50±261.60		400.70±105.60
Uteroglobin/CC-10 (pg/mL, n=21–29)	744.13±176.90		1053.00±190.70
Tissue injury and repair
Serpine1/PAI-1 (pg/mL, n=24–33)	1.45±0.89		1.24±0.41

Data are presented as mean±SEM. Statistical significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance using multiple comparison with Tukey’s post hoc analysis for comparison between the groups in cohort I. Statistical significance of urine biomarkers between the two groups was determined by Student’s t-test in cohort II. *P<0.05.

^*P<0.05

n, number of samples; NA, not applicable;PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; S100A8, S100 calcium-binding protein A8; S100A9, S100 calcium-binding protein A9.