Table 3.
Participant characteristics.
| All Patients | Unequivocal VH | Ambiguous VH | Unequivocal non-VH | Statistic | Significance | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample Size | 70 | 32 | 32 | 6 | |||
| Primary Trauma-Related Diagnosis | χ2 = 8.860 | p = 0.065 | |||||
| PTSD without dissociation, No. (%) | 16 (22.9%) | 4 (12.5%) | 8 (25.0%) | 4 (66.7%) | χ2 = 8.561 | p = 0.014 | |
| PTSD Dissociative Subtype, No. (%) | 17 (24.3%) | 8 (25.0%) | 8 (25.0%) | 1 (16.7%) | χ2 = 0.207 | p = 0.902 | |
| PTSD + Major Dissociative Disorders | 37 (52.9%) | 20 (62.5%) | 16 (50.0%) | 1 (16.7%) | χ2 = 4.453 | p = 0.108 | |
| PTSD + DDNOS, No. (%) | 3 (4.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (9.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | – | – | |
| PTSD + DID, No. (%) | 34 (48.6%) | 20 (62.5%) | 13 (40.6%) | 1 (16.7%) | – | – | |
| Co-occurring Disorders | |||||||
| Current Major Depressive Disorder | 5 (7.1%) | 3 (9.4%) | 1 (3.1%) | 1 (16.7%) | χ2 = 1.840 | p = 0.399 | |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | 15 (21.4%) | 6 (18.8%) | 7 (21.9%) | 2 (33.3%) | χ2 = 0.645 | p = 0.724 | |
| Age 1 , median (range), y | 31 (18–62) | 31.5 (18–61) | 30 (18–60) | 32 (21–62) | χ2 = 0.665 | p = 0.717 | |
| IQ, mean ± SD 2 | 118.3 ± 8.6 | 118.0 ± 8.4 | 119.0 ± 8.7 | 116.7 ± 9.9 | F = 0.201 | p = 0.819 | |
| Parental Education, No. (%) 3 | 35 (51.5%) | 16 (51.6%) | 16 (51.6%) | 3 (50.0%) | χ2 = 0.006 | p = 0.997 | |
| Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) 1,4 , median (range) | 79 (38–119)* | 86 (27–119)* | 75 (38–113) | 62.5 (52–79) | χ2 = 3.875 | p = 0.144 | |
| Emotional Abuse | 18 (6–25) | 18 (5–25) | 18 (8–25) | 17 (11–19) | χ2 = 1.568 | p = 0.457 | |
| Physical Abuse | 10 (5–25) | 12 (5–23) | 10 (5–25) | 8 (5–19) | χ2 = 1.184 | p = 0.553 | |
| Sexual Abuse | 21 (5–25)* | 21 (5–25)*, † | 17 (5–25) | 10 (5–22)† | χ2 = 6.218 | p = 0.045 | |
| Emotional Neglect | 18 (5–25) | 19 (7–25) | 17 (5–25) | 14.5 (7–24) | χ2 = 1.034 | p = 0.596 | |
| Physical Neglect | 12 (5–21) | 12 (5–21) | 12 (5–21) | 10 (6–13) | χ2 = 1.002 | p = 0.606 | |
| MID Severe Dissociation Score, mean ± SD | 89.3 ± 41.3 | 99.6 ± 43.8† | 85.2 ± 38.0 | 56.0 ± 24.2† | F = 3.315 | p = 0.042 | |
| PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) Score, mean ± SD | 52.3 ± 13.6 | 50.0 ± 16.1 | 55.2 ± 9.1 | 49.0 ± 18.4 | F = 1.355 | p = 0.265 | |
| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), mean ± SD | 29.0 ± 10.8 | 32.7 ± 11.5 | 27.9 ± 10.9 | 25.8 ± 6.8 | F = 1.886 | p = 0.160 | |
| Medication 5 | |||||||
| Antipsychotics, No. (%) | 30 (47.6%) | 14 (43.8%) | 11 (34.4%) | 5 (83.3%) | χ2 = 3.853 | p = 0.146 | |
| Antidepressants, No. (%) | 46 (73.0%) | 19 (59.4%) | 21 (65.6%) | 6 (100.0%) | χ2 = 3.101 | p = 0.212 | |
| Mood Stabilizers, No. (%) | 25 (39.7%) | 12 (37.5%) | 10 (31.3%) | 3 (50.0%) | χ2 = 0.486 | p = 0.784 | |
| Sedative-Hypnotics, No. (%) | 33 (52.4%) | 15 (46.9%) | 15 (46.9%) | 3 (50.0%) | χ2 = 0.035 | p = 0.983 | |
| Race | χ2 = 8.344 | p = 0.401 | |||||
| White, No. (%) | 61 (87.1%) | 30 (93.8%) | 25 (78.1%) | 6 (100%) | – | – | |
| Black, No. (%) | 3 (4.3%) | 1 (3.1%) | 2 (6.3%) | 0 (0%) | – | – | |
| Asian, No. (%) | 4 (5.7%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (12.5%) | 0 (0%) | – | – | |
| American Indian, No. (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.1%) | 0 (0%) | – | - | |
| Other, No. (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 1 (3.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | – | |
| Ethnicity | χ2 = 3.591 | p = 0.464 | |||||
| Hispanic, No. (%) | 2 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (6.2%) | 0 (0%) | – | – | |
| Non-Hispanic, No. (%) | 67 (95.7%) | 31 (96.9%) | 30 (93.8%) | 6 (100%) | – | – | |
| Prefer not to answer, No. (%) | 1 (1.4%) | 1 (3.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – | – |
1Age and CTQ scores were not normally distributed, thus the Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted. 2Eight participants are missing WASI IQ scores (4 unequivocal VH+; 4 ambiguous VH+). 3At least one parent with a 4-year college degree; two participants are missing information on parental education level (1 unequivocal VH+; 1 ambiguous VH+). 4Two participants are missing CTQ scores (1 unequivocal VH+; 1 ambiguous VH+). 5Seven participants are missing information on medication (3 unequivocal VH+; 4 ambiguous VH+). *One participant declined to answer questions from the Sexual Abuse subscale of the CTQ. The statistical tests, including the mean and standard deviation, of the Sexual Abuse subscale and the total CTQ score are reflective of this. †No significant difference was detected between unequivocal VH+ and ambiguous VH+ groups in the post hoc test.
Statistics in which at least one of the three groups is significantly different (p < 0.05) are shown in bold.