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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Aging. 2020 Feb 3;35(2):220–249. doi: 10.1037/pag0000442

Table 2.

Characteristics of Cognitive Training Studies in Healthy Aging (HA) and MCI

Citation Training Type Ctrl (A/P) % F Edu Age Tot. Hr Hr per Wk Location (H/L) Adapt (Y/N) # Cog. Outcomes PEDro Score g (95%CI) NT, NC
HA: Single-Component Training
Borella et al., 2014 EF A - 8.8 69 5 2.5 L N 10 8 1.23 (0.56, 1.91) 20, 20
Cantarella et al., 2017 EF A 50 10.5 69.34 3 1 L Y 4 7 1.18 (0.47, 1.88) 18, 18
Borella, Carretti, Riboldi, & De Beni, 2010 EF A 65 9.3 69 10 5 L N 10 7 1.17 (0.5, 1.84) 20, 20
Carretti, Borella, Zavagnin, & De Beni, 2013 EF A 57 8.5 70 3 1.5 L Y 6 7 0.96 (0.27, 1.66) 17, 19
Bier, De Boysson, & Belleille, 2014 Speed P - 15 69.12 6 3 L N 4 8 0.94 (0.11, 1.77) 13, 12
Xin, Lai, Li, & Maes, 2014 EF A 53 - 69.53 10 3.5 L Y 4 6 0.87 (0.11, 1.63) 15, 14
Chen, Wei, Deng, & Sun, 2018 Memory P 58 - 68.6 10 1 L N 3 6 0.82 (0.53, 1.1) 15, 20
Stepankova et al., 2014 EF P 72 15 68.3 6.6 1.4 H Y 7 7 0.81 (0.2, 1.42) 20, 25
Garcia-Campuzano, Virues-Ortega, Smith, & Moussavi, 2013 EF P 79 - 78.3 12 1.5 L N 1 7 0.78 (−0.05, 1.61) 13, 11
Chen et al., 2018 Memory P 58 - 68.6 10 1 L N 3 6 0.73 (0.42, 1.03) 19, 20
Woolverton, Scogin, Shackelford, Black, & Duke, 2001 Memory P 65 15.7 71.3 13 7 H N 6 6 0.72 (0.04, 1.41) 14, 23
Margrett & Willis, 2006 Reason P 50 15.9 71.3 10 2 H N 3 6 0.64 (0.15, 1.13) 34, 34
Margrett & Willis, 2006 Reason P 50 15.9 71.3 10 2 H N 3 6 0.6 (0.1, 1.1) 30, 34
Heinzel, Rimpel, Stelzel, & Rapp, 2017 EF P 79 16 65.39 9 2.25 L Y 8 6 0.59 (−0.1, 1.28) 18, 16
Hill, Storandt, & Simeone, 1990 Memory A 60 14 70.33 - - L N 3 7 0.59 (0.01, 1.17) 16, 16
Chen et al., 2018 Memory P 58 - 68.6 10 1 L N 3 6 0.58 (0.28, 0.87) 17, 20
Stepankova et al., 2014 EF P 72 15 68.3 3.3 0.7 H Y 7 7 0.57 (−0.03, 1.17) 20, 25
Lussier, Bugaiska, & Bherer, 2016 EF A 68 14 61.2 5 2.5 L Y 6 7 0.56 (−0.01, 1.13) 18, 38
ǂAnguera et al., 2013 EF P 87 16.5 67 12 3 H Y 11 7 0.56 (−0.17, 1.29) 15, 15
Gao, Peng, & Wen, 2014 EF P 53 6.9 84.5 0.5 0.5 L N 2 5 0.55 (−0.06, 1.16) 20, 23
Bailey, Dagenbach, & Jennings, 2011 EF A - 16 69.5 6 3 L Y 3 6 0.53 (−0.39, 1.44) 10, 9
Lussier, Gagnon, & Bherer, 2012 EF P 78 14 68.5 5 2.5 L Y 9 8 0.53 (−0.31, 1.36) 13, 10
Murphy, O’Sullivan, & Kelleher, 2014 Sem. A 73 - 71.5 - - H N 4 7 0.52 (−0.14, 1.17) 19, 18
Engvig et al., 2010 Memory P 55 15.5 61 8 1 L N 4 6 0.51 (−0.12, 1.15) 21, 19
Chen et al., 2018 Reason P 58 - 68.6 10 1 L N 3 6 0.49 (0.210.78) 15, 20
Buschkuehl et al., 2008 EF A 59 - 80 18 1.5 L Y 4 6 0.48 (−0.24, 1.19) 13, 19
McAvinue et al., 2013 EF A 64 - 70 12. 5 2.5 H Y 7 5 0.48 (−0.19, 1.14) 19, 17
Eramudugolla, Kiely, Chopra, & Anstey, 2017 Speed P 47 - 71.9 10 1 H Y 6 7 0.47 (0.18, 0.75) 24, 24
Payne & Stine-Morrow, 2017 EF A 73 17 67.9 7.5 2.5 H Y 8 8 0.45 (−0.17, 1.08) 22, 19
Dustman et al., 1992 Speed A 62 14.5 65 33 3 L Y 7 5 0.44 (0.13, 0.75) 20, 20
Caprio-Prevette & Fry, 1996 Memory A 71 - 69.2 20 2 L N 9 8 0.43 (0.06, 0.8) 54, 61
Dunlosky, Kubat-Silman, & Hertzog, 2003 Memory P - - 67.73 4 2 L N 4 8 0.41 (−0.09, 0.9) 33, 31
Brehmer, Westerberg, & Bäckman, 2012 EF A 60 15.3 63.7 8.67 1.73 H Y 9 9 0.4 (−0.19, 1) 26, 19
Ball et al., 2002 Speed P 75 16 73.6 10 2 H Y 3 7 0.37 (0.01, 0.72) 712, 704
Belchior et al., 2013 Speed P - 13 74 - - L Y 10 7 0.37 (−0.37, 1.11) 16, 13
Cuenen et al., 2016 EF P - 71.25 - - H Y 3 7 0.36 (−0.29, 1) 19, 18
Zinke et al., 2014 EF P 74 14 77.2 4.5 1.5 L Y 4 7 0.35 (−0.09, 0.79) 40, 40
ǂAnguera et al., 2013 EF P 87 67 12 3 L N 4 7 0.34 (−0.37, 1.05) 16, 15
Cuenen et al., 2016 Speed P - 16.5 71.25 - - H Y 11 7 0.34 (−0.31, 0.98) 19, 18
Dunlosky et al., 2003 EF A - 67.73 4 2 H N 3 8 0.34 (−0.16, 0.83) 33, 31
Borella et al., 2014 EF A - 7 79 5 2.5 L Y 12 8 0.33 (−0.3, 0.95) 20, 20
Kim, Chey, & Lee, 2017 EF P 96 8.8 71.44 24 3 L N 10 6 0.33 (−0.43, 1.09) 14, 13
Chan, Wu, Liang, & Yan, 2015 EF A 54 - 70.6 10 1 L Y 12 7 0.32 (−0.52, 1.17) 12, 10
Hayslip, 1989 Reason P - - 70.58 5 - L N 2 8 0.31 (0, 0.62) 76, 88
Borella, Carretti, Zanoni, Zavagnin, & De Beni, 2013 EF A 61 - 79 3 1 L Y 11 8 0.3 (−0.36, 0.95) 18, 18
Salminen, Frensch, Strobach, & Schubert, 2016 EF P 59 11 65 14 3 L Y 13 7 0.29 (−0.29, 0.87) 25, 21
Lange & SuB, 2015 EF A 68 14 67.97 12 2 L Y 18 8 0.27 (−0.24, 0.78) 31, 29
†Nouchi, Saito, Nouchi, & Kawashima, 2016 Speed A 61. 11 12 68.92 5 1.25 H Y 11 8 0.26 (−0.21, 0.72) 36, 36
Dustman et al., 1992 Speed P 62 14.5 65 33 3 L Y 7 5 0.25 (−0.060.56) 20, 20
Woolverton et al., 2001 Memory P 65 15.7 71.3 24 7 H N 6 6 0.25 (−0.4, 0.89) 16, 23
ǂCheng et al., 2012 Reason P 68 9.5 70.2 24 2 L N 6 10 0.24 (−0.12, 0.6) 59, 60
Ji, Wang, Chen, Du, & Zhan, 2016 EF A 14.2 70.06 12 3 L Y 18 7 0.23 (−0.44, 0.91) 18, 16
Hayslip, 1989 Reason P - - 70.58 5 - L N 2 8 0.22 (−0.07, 0.51) 92, 88
Hill, Allen, & McWhorter, 1991 Mem. A 39 14 70.4 - - L N 3 7 0.21 (−0.38, 0.8) 23, 21
Lange & SuB, 2015 EF P 68 14 67.97 12 2 L Y 18 8 0.21 (−0.29, 0.71) 31, 31
Bellander et al., 2017 Memory A 43 14.7 68.38 13. 2 2.25 H Y 12 9 0.19 (−0.44, 0.82) 19, 20
Ball et al., 2002 Reas. P 75 13 73.6 10 2 L N 10 8 0.18 (−0.15, 0.51) 705, 704
Edwards et al., 2005 Speed P 58 - 73.57 10 2 L Y 1 6 0.18 (−0.17, 0.53) 63, 63
Scogin & Prohaska, 1992 Memory A 70 - 68.4 24 7 H N 8 7 0.16 (−0.53, 0.84) 16, 17
Baltes, Kliegl, & Dittmann-Kohli, 1988 Reason P 68 - 73 10 H N 8 6 0.15 (−0.36, 0.67) 29, 29
Dahlin, Nyberg, Bäckman, & Neely, 2008 EF P 62 12.5 68 11. 3 2.25 L N 7 7 0.15 (−0.59, 0.88) 13, 16
Scogin & Prohaska, 1992 Memory P 70 13 68.4 24 7 L Y 10 7 0.15 (−0.49, 0.79) 16, 23
Sandberg, Rönnlund, Nyberg, & Stigsdotter Neely, 2014 EF P 57 12 69.3 11. 3 2.25 L N 17 7 0.14 (−0.57, 0.86) 15, 15
Basak & O’Connell, 2016 EF A 67 14 68.8 5 2.5 L Y 6 9 0.12 (−0.48, 0.72) 22, 21
Theill, Schumacher, Adelsberger, Martin, & Jäncke, 2013 EF P 73 15 71.8 10 1 L N 9 5 0.12 (−0.59, 0.83) 12, 21
Flegal & Lustig, 2015 EF A - 16.5 75 - - L Y 8 7 0.09 (−0.41, 0.6) 30, 30
Wilkinson & Yang, 2012 EF A - 16 71.05 3 1.5 L N 7 7 0.08 (−0.52, 0.69) 42, 14
†Li et al., 2016 Memory P 76 13 68.3 16 3 L N 13 7 0.07 (−1.01, 1.15) 19, 4
Zimmermann, von Bastian, Röcke, Martin, & Eschen, 2016 Memory A 61 14.5 67.49 75 12. 5 H Y 13 10 0.07 (−0.42, 0.55) 36, 31
Weicker et al., 2018 EF P 50 15.8 67 9 2.25 L N 18 8 0.06 (−0.25, 0.37) 20, 20
Ball et al., 2002 Memory P 75 73.6 10 2 L Y 1 8 0.06 (−0.28, 0.39) 711, 704
Mohs et al., 1998 Memory A 77 13 78 13. 5 1.5 L N 10 8 0.06 (−0.28, 0.4) 64, 69
Sutter, Zöllig, & Martin, 2013 Sem. A 55 10 72.27 1.5 0.5 H N 5 6 0.05 (−0.57, 0.67) 19, 21
Bürki, Ludwig, Chicherio, & de Ribaupierre, 2014 EF P 69 14.3 68 5 2.5 L N 3 6 0.04 (−0.54, 0.62) 22, 23
Hill et al., 1991 Memory A 39 15 70.4 - - L Y 11 7 0.04 (−0.65, 0.73) 27, 21
Bailey et al., 2011 EF A - 14.5 70.5 6 3 L Y 11 6 0.03 (−0.85, 0.91) 10, 10
Edwards et al., 2002 Speed A 63 16 76 10 2 L Y 3 7 0.03 (−0.38, 0.44) 44, 47
Weicker et al., 2018 EF A 50 16.3 67 9 2.25 L Y 18 8 0.02 (−0.29, 0.33) 20, 20
Hampstead et al., 2012 Memory A - - 72 3 3 L Y 2 9 0.02 (−0.84, 0.87) 11, 10
Richmond, Morrison, Chein, & Olson, 2011 EF A 80 - 66 10 2.5 L Y 8 7 0.02 (−0.6, 0.64) 21, 19
G. H. Kim et al., 2015 Speed A - - 72.3 16 2 L N 9 6 0.01 (−0.4–0.04) 14, 14
Bürki et al., 2014 EF P 69 15 68 5 2.5 L Y 11 6 0.01 (−0.59, 0.61) 20, 23
Lussier, Brouillard, & Bherer, 2015 EF A 72 14.5 72.6 12 1 L Y 6 9 −0.01 (−0.66, 0.64) 13, 31
von Bastian, Langer, Jäncke, & Oberauer, 2013 EF A 40 - 68 10 2.5 H Y 6 9 −0.01 (−0.53, 0.51) 27, 30
Bailey et al., 2011 EF A - 16 69.5 6 3 L Y 3 6 −0.07 (−0.93, 0.78) 11, 10
Flegal & Lustig, 2015 EF A - 14.5 75 - - L Y 6 7 −0.08 (−0.58, 0.43) 30, 30
Boot et al., 2013 Speed P 53 16.5 70 60 5 L Y 26 5 −0.08 (−0.41, 0.22) 21, 20
Lussier et al., 2015 EF A 72 - 72.6 12 1 H Y 8 9 −0.08 (−0.71, 0.56) 14, 31
Goghari & Lawlor-Savage, 2017 EF P 67 13.3 70.43 20 2.5 L N 8 7 −0.11 (−0.58, 0.35) 36, 36
N. Zimmermann, Netto, Amodeo, Ska, & Fonseca, 2014 EF A - 15.4 68.19 24 4 H Y 40 6 −0.11 (−1.17, 0.95) 8, 6
Bier et al., 2014 Speed P - 15 69.12 6 3 L N 4 8 −0.12 (−0.92, 0.68) 12, 12
Goghari & Lawlor-Savage, 2017 Reason P 67 15.4 70.43 20 2.5 H Y 8 7 −0.13 (−0.59, 0.33) 36, 36
Edwards et al., 2013 Speed P 69 - 73.99 20 2.5 L Y 16 6 −0.26 (−0.77, 0.25) 27, 33
Hill et al., 1990 Engage A 60 14.3 70.33 - - L N 3 7 −0.78 (−1.5, − 0.06) 16, 16
Average g = 0.3, k = 94
HA: Multi-Component Training
Cavallini et al., 2015 Class A - 8.5 85.13 6 1 H -- 8 7 1.88 (1.07, 2.69) 16, 18
Postigo, Javier, & Trives, 2010 Class A 64 - 66.9 15 3 L -- 2 9 1.47 (0.66, 2.28) 15, 15
Postigo et al., 2010 Class P 64 - 66.9 15 3 L -- 2 9 1.08 (0.32, 1.85) 15, 15
McDougall & House, 2012 Lab P 51 - 74.6 - - H Y 4 5 1 (0.35, 1.65) 21, 20
Pereira-Morales, Cruz-Salinas, Aponte, & Pereira-Manrique, 2018 Lab P 90 12 67 36 4.5 H Y 5 7 0.78 (0.23,1.4) 17,11
Fairchild & Scogin, 2010 Class A 81 - 72.4 4.5 0.75 L -- 9 7 0.66 (0.1, 1.21) 28, 25
Pereira-Morales et al., 2018 Lab P 90 12 67 32 4 H Y 5 7 0.58 (0.02,1.03) 12,11
†Nouchi et al., 2012 Lab A 53 13.3 68 5 1.25 H Y 8 10 0.56 (−0.2, 1.31) 14, 14
Cantarella, Borella, Marigo, & De Beni, 2017 Class A 50 8 69.34 3 1 L -- 3 7 0.48 (−0.22, 1.18) 16, 16
Uchida & Kawashima, 2008 Class P 44 12.5 75 40. 3 1.75 H -- 9 9 0.44 (0.03, 0.84) 49, 46
Mahncke et al., 2006 Lab A 50 16.3 70.9 45 5 H Y 2 6 0.41 (0.02, 0.81) 50, 51
Craik et al., 2007 Class A 55 - 78.7 36 3 L -- 22 6 0.38 (−0.2, 0.95) 29, 20
Tranter & Koutstaal, 2008 Engage P 75 14 67.8 9 1.5 H -- 2 7 0.38 (−0.22, 0.97) 22, 22
Kwok et al., 2013 Class P 85 3.56 75.4 8 1 L -- 9 9 0.37 (0.08, 0.67) 86, 90
†Cheng et al., 2012 Class A 57 9.5 70 3 1.5 L -- 6 10 0.36 (−0.02, 0.73) 54, 60
Shatil, 2013 Lab A 68 15 76.8 32 2 L Y 13 5 0.34 (−0.16, 0.84) 33, 29
Shatil, Mikulecká, Bellotti, & Bureš, 2014 Lab A 63 18 68 8 1 L Y 6 8 0.33 (−0.03, 0.69) 60, 59
Golino, Flores Mendoza, & Golino, 2017 Lab P 77 7.25 69.69 15 1.25 L N 8 8 0.28 (−0.16, 0.73) 47, 33
†Lee et al., 2013 Lab P - - 65 12 0.5 L N 6 7 0.28 (−0.43, 0.99) 15, 16
Mahncke et al., 2006 Lab P 50 16.3 70.9 45 5 H Y 2 6 0.28 (−0.11, 0.66) 50, 54
Gajewski & Falkenstein, 2012 Lab P 59 - 70.9 48 3 L Y 3 7 0.24 (−0.23, 0.71) 32, 40
†Li et al., 2016 Lab P 62 15 68.3 16 3 L Y 6 7 0.23 (−0.46, 0.91) 20, 14
Rasmusson, Rebok, Bylsma, & Brandt, 1999 Lab P 59 13 78 13. 5 1.5 L N 13 7 0.23 (−0.57, 1.04) 13, 11
Lima-Silva et al., 2010 Class P 81 16.2 64.69 7.5 7.5 L -- 4 7 0.22 (−0.26, 0.69) 37, 32
Park et al., 2014 Engage A 73 8.38 71.67 198 16. 51 L -- 12 9 0.22 (−0.26, 0.7) 29, 39
Kalbe et al., 2018 Lab A 77 15 67 13. 5 2.25 L Y 13 9 0.2 (0.01, 0.4) 21, 18
ǂSmith et al., 2009 Lab A 52 - 75 40 5 L N 9 9 0.2 (0.02, 0.38) 242, 245
van Zon, Kirby, & Anderson, 2016 Class A 69 15.6 83.3 8 1 H -- 8 7 0.2 (−0.46, 0.85) 18, 18
Belchior et al., 2013 Engage P - 16 74 - - H Y 3 7 0.19 (−0.53, 0.92) 17, 13
Sutter et al., 2013 Lab P 55 10 72.27 1.5 0.5 H N 5 6 0.19 (−0.42, 0.8) 21, 21
van Muijden et al., 2012 Lab A 44 12 67 24. 5 3.5 H Y 10 7 0.19 (−0.34, 0.72) 44, 20
Basak et al., 2008 Engage A 74 13.5 69 23. 5 4.5 L N 9 6 0.18 (−0.46, 0.82) 19, 19
Belchior et al., 2013 Engage P - 16 74 - - H Y 3 7 0.18 (−0.58, 0.94) 14, 13
Gajewski & Falkenstein, 2012 Lab A 59 16.2 70.9 48 3 L Y 17 7 0.18 (−0.3, 0.66) 32, 34
Buitenweg, van de Ven, Prinssen, Murre, & Ridderinkhof, 2017 Lab A 60 - 67.5 30 2.5 L Y 25 7 0.18 (0.004, 0.35) 33, 50
G. H. Kim et al., 2015 Lab P 71 13.7 67.5 90 7.5 L Y 3 9 0.18 (−0.37, 0.73) 23, 28
Simpson, Camfield, Pipingas, Macpherson, & Stough, 2012 Lab A 53 - 62.3 7 2.3 H Y 10 9 0.17 (−0.54, 0.87) 17, 14
Ordonez, Yassuda, & Cachioni, 2011 Engage P 71 9.3 67.4 30 2 L -- 7 6 0.16 (−0.45, 0.76) 22, 20
Stine-Morrow, Parisi, Morrow, & Park, 2008 Engage P - 16 72.5 - - L -- 13 5 0.15 (−0.18, 0.47) 87, 63
Park et al., 2014 Engage A 73 16.2 71.67 198 16. 51 L -- 4 9 0.14 (−0.29, 0.58) 42, 39
Ballesteros et al., 2014 Lab P - 74 - - H N 18 7 0.13 (−0.59, 0.86) 17, 13
G. H. Kim et al., 2015 Lab P 71 13.5 67.5 90 7.5 L N 15 9 0.12 (−0.45, 0.7) 20, 28
Banducci et al., 2017 Engage A 63 14.5 69.46 10 2.5 H - 8 8 0.11 (−0.19, 0.41) 86, 82
Lopes & Argimon, 2016 Lab P 80 12.5 68.75 12 1.5 L N 17 5 0.11 (−0.32, 0.54) 45, 38
Park et al., 2014 Engage A 73 12.7 71.67 198 16. 51 L - 6 9 0.11 (−0.35, 0.56) 35, 39
Peretz et al., 2011 Lab A 63 16.2 68 15 1.25 L N 4 9 0.11 (−0.25, 0.47) 66, 55
Stern et al., 2011 Engage A 57 16 66 36 3 L N 14 7 0.11 (−0.56, 0.77) 17, 18
Hars, Herrmann, Gold, Rizzoli, & Trombetti, 2014 Engage P 96 - 75.5 25 1 L -- 5 8 0.1 (−0.24, 0.44) 66, 68
Oh, Seo, Lee, Song, & Shin, 2017 Lab P 53 13.9 59.3 13. 3 1.3 L Y 10 6 0.1 (−0.44, 0.34) 18, 16
Ballesteros et al., 2017 Lab A 79 16 65 8 4 H Y 7 7 0.097 (−0.2, 0.38) 30, 25
Souders et al., 2017 Lab A 56 16 72.35 22. 5 5.25 H Y 8 7 0.09 (−0.42, 0.59) 30, 30
Oh et al., 2017 Lab P 53 - 59.3 13. 3 1.3 H Y 10 6 0.07 (−0.74, 0.68) 19, 16
Reijnders, Geusgens, Ponds, & van Boxtel, 2017 Class P 72 - 56.35 7 2.5 H -- 6 7 0.07 (−0.14, 0.28) 228, 148
Whitlock, McLaughlin, & Allaire, 2012 Engage P 51 - 65 14 7 L Y 7 4 0.07 (−0.55, 0.7) 19, 20
Miller et al., 2013 Lab P 67 13.9 81 15 1.88 L Y 9 7 0.06 (−0.39, 0.52) 38, 36
G. J. McDougall et al., 2010 Class A 79 16 74 8 4 L -- 5 7 0.05 (−0.2, 0.3) 127, 117
Bozoki, Radovanovic, Winn, Heeter, & Anthony, 2013 Lab A 58 13.5 69 27 2.5 H N 9 7 0.04 (−0.47, 0.55) 32, 28
Stern et al., 2011 Engage P 57 16.8 65 36 3 L N 14 7 0.01 (−0.64, 0.66) 17, 19
Buiza et al., 2008 Lab P 73 - 74 270 3 L N 9 5 0.001 (−0.31, 0.32) 68, 85
Hynes, 2016 Lab P 75 16 70.99 6.25 1.75 H Y 3 5 0.001 (−0.79, 0.78) 13, 12
Legault et al., 2011 Lab A 51 - 76.4 16 1 L Y 10 8 −0.01 (−0.7, 0.67) 16, 17
Buitenweg et al., 2017 Lab A 60 - 67.5 30 2.5 L Y 25 7 −0.04 (−0.25, 0.16) 56, 50
Buiza et al., 2008 Lab P 73 - 74 270 3 L N 9 5 −0.04 (−0.35, 0.26) 85, 85
Rasmusson et al., 1999 Class P 59 13.7 78 13. 5 1.5 L -- 6 7 −0.1 (−0.96, 0.76) 10, 11
Rasmusson et al., 1999 Class P 59 - 78 13. 5 1.5 H -- 6 7 −0.12 (−0.94, 0.7) 12, 11
Boot et al., 2013 Lab P 58 15 70 60 5 H Y 26 5 −0.36 (−0.99, 0.26) 20, 20
Giuli, Papa, Lattanzio, & Postacchini, 2016 Lab P 80 15 72.45 15 1.5 L N 6 7 −0.49 (−0.89, − 0.09) 47, 53
Average g = 0.24, k = 67
MCI: Single-Component Training
Mudar et al., 2017 Memory A 4 16.5 73 8 2 H N 9 8 0.98 (0.72, 1.23) 23, 27
Savulich et al., 2017 Memory A 40 10 75.5 8 2 L Y 4 8 0.68 (0.05, 1.2) 21, 21
Calero & Navarro, 2007 Memory P - - 14 2 L Y 3 6 0.56 (0.02, 1.1) 27, 28
Mansbach, Mace, & Clark, 2017 Memory P 58 78.08 4.5 1.5 L N 1 9 0.52 (−0.39, 1.42) 12, 8
Carretti et al., 2013 EF A 50 7.3 70 4.5 2 L Y 8 7 0.51 (−0.38, 1.4) 10, 10
Vance et al., 2007 Speed A 48 14 75.2 10 1 L Y 8 7 0.31 (0, 0.62) 82, 77
F Scogin, Storandt, & Lott, 1985 Memory P 79 66 16 7 H N 8 6 0.28 (−0.3, 0.86) 20, 27
Giuli et al., 2016 Memory P 63 11.5 76.25 7.5 0.75 L N 13 7 0.26 (−0.14, 0.65) 48, 49
†Konsztowicz, Anton, Crane, Moafmashhadi, & Koski, 2013 Memory P 54 6 77.5 10. 5 1.5 L N 12 6 0.26 (−0.98, 1.49) 7, 4
Hyer et al., 2016 EF A 53 75 16. 7 3.3 L N 5 8 0.2 (−0.32, 0.71) 29, 30
Hampstead, Stringer, Stilla, Giddens, & Sathian, 2012 Memory A - 17.5 72 3 3 L Y 2 9 0.16 (−0.58, 0.9) 14, 14
Finn & McDonald, 2015 EF P 29 13.7 75.2 - - L Y 6 7 0.14 (−0.66, 0.94) 12, 12
Emsaki, NeshatDoost, Tavakoli, & Barekatain, 2017 Memory P - 14.1 63.4 6.7 1.3 L N 8 6 0.13 (−0.62, 0.88) 10, 10
Olchik, Farina, Steibel, Teixeira, & Yassuda, 2013 Memory P 80 13.2 70.3 12 3 L N 8 8 0.13 (−0.59, 0.85) 16, 14
Jean, Bergeron, Thivierge, & Simard, 2010 Memory A 59 14.5 68.5 4.5 1.5 L N 20 8 0.05 (−0.79, 0.88) 11, 11
Gagnon & Belleville, 2012 Speed A - 14 67 6 3 L Y 8 9 0.04 (−0.76, 0.84) 12, 12
Cahn-Weiner, Malloy, Rebok, & Ott, 2003 Memory A 59 12.9 76.9 6 1 L N 13 6 0.01 (−0.67, 0.68) 17, 17
Cohen-Mansfield et al., 2015b Memory P 72 15 73.5 10 1 L N 5 9 0.001 (−0.8, 0.8) 12, 12
Average g = 0.27, k = 18
MCI: Multi-Component Training
Herrera, Chambon, Michel, Paban, & Alescio-Lautier, 2012 Lab A 50 - 76.7 24 2 L Y 9 8 1.14 (0.24, 2.04) 11, 11
Vranić, Španić, Carretti, & Borella, 2013 Class A 80 13 73 13. 5 1.5 L -- 14 7 0.92 (0.33, 1.51) 31, 20
†Gooding et al., 2016 Engage A 42 15.1 75.57 30 2 L Y 6 7 0.82 (0.2, 1.45) 23, 20
Man, Lee, Yu, & Yip, 2013 Lab P 68 - 77.7 6 1 L N 6 8 0.63 (−0.49, 1.75) 7, 6
†Gooding et al., 2016 Lab A 42. 9 15.1 75.57 30 2 L Y 6 7 0.6 (0.03, 1.17) 31, 20
Buschert et al., 2011 Lab A 50 12.5 71.2 48 2 L N 7 9 0.58 (−0.28, 1.44) 10, 12
Kinsella et al., 2009 Class P 54 10.5 76.8 6.5 1.5 L -- 6 8 0.55 (−0.04, 1.13) 22, 24
Rojas et al., 2013 Class P 43 12 74 96 4 L -- 3 6 0.55 (−0.17, 1.28) 15, 15
†Ceccato et al., 2012 Lab P 80 - 86.4 18 1.5 L N 2 9 0.51 (−0.05, 1.08) 27, 23
Hwang et al., 2012 Lab P 70 - 65 18 1 L Y 9 6 0.51 (−0.75, 1.77) 5, 5
Kawashima, 2013 Lab P - 6.7 85 35 1.5 L N 15 5 0.51 (−0.19, 1.22) 16, 16
Moro et al., 2015 Lab P - 9.5 75.5 - - L N 11 6 0.49 (−0.23, 1.22) 15, 15
ǂLampit et al., 2014 Lab A 68. 8 72 24 2 L Y 6 9 0.42 (−0.03, 0.87) 39, 38
Moro et al., 2012 Class P - 9.5 70.9 - - L -- 16 6 0.41 (−0.31, 1.14) 15, 15
Boripuntakul, Kothan, Methapatara, Munkhetvit, & Sungkarat, 2012 Lab P 60 10 78 18 3 L N 4 6 0.36 (−0.89, 1.61) 5, 5
Kurz, Pohl, Ramsenthaler, & Sorg, 2009 Engage P 57 11 70.6 88 22 L -- 4 4 0.36 (−0.42, 1.14) 18, 10
Belleville et al., 2018 Lab P 55 14.5 72.2 16 2 L N 4 7 0.28 (0.23,0.47) 40, 44
Regan, Wells, Farrow, O’Halloran, & Workman, 2017 Engage P 55 - 77.2 8 4 H -- 9 7 0.25 (−0.39, 0.89) 25, 15
Man et al., 2013 Lab P 68 - 77.7 6 1 L N 6 8 0.21 (−0.93, 1.34) 6, 6
Belleville et al., 2006 Lab P - - 66 16 2 L N 7 5 0.2 (−0.64, 1.04) 17, 8
Zhuang et al., 2013 Lab P 76 7 83 90 3.75 L Y 6 7 0.19 (−0.5, 0.88) 19, 14
†Konsztowicz et al., 2013 b Engage P 50 11.5 78 10. 5 1.5 L -- 13 6 0.18 (−1.02, 1.38) 8, 4
Diamond et al., 2015 Lab P 67 14 66.5 28 4 L Y 12 9 0.15 (−0.35, 0.64) 36, 28
Mowszowski et al., 2014 Lab P 62 - 66.6 14 2 L N 6 8 0.13 (−0.51, 0.77) 25, 15
ǂBarnes et al., 2009 Lab A 40 17 74 50 8.3 H Y 13 9 0.11 (−0.46, 0.68) 22, 25
Rapp, Brenes, Marsh, Brenes, & Marsh, 2002 Class P 58 - 75.1 12 2 L -- 8 7 0.11 (−0.79, 1.01) 9, 10
Finn & McDonald, 2011 Lab P 50 10 74.2 10 1 L N 8 8 0.08 (−0.9, 1.06) 8, 8
†Jeong et al., 2016 Lab P 50 10 70.3 36 3 H N 8 7 0.08 (−0.24, 0.41) 71, 77
†Jeong et al., 2016 Lab P 50 12.5 70.3 30 2.5 H Y 6 7 0.08 (−0.23, 0.4) 76, 77
Leung et al., 2015 Lab A 78 9 70.1 39 3 L Y 8 8 0.07 (−0.2, 0.34) 109, 100
†Vidovich et al., 2015 Class A 54 - 75 15 3 L -- 6 9 0.03 (−0.28, 0.35) 77, 78
†Küster et al., 2016 Lab P 55 14 71.4 50 5 H Y 22 6 −0.06 (−0.72, 0.59) 16, 20
Greenaway, Duncan, & Smith, 2013 Engage P 60 16.4 72.5 12 2 L -- 3 7 −0.1 (−0.75, 0.54) 18, 19
Cohen-Mansfield et al., 2015b Class P 72 15 73 10 1 L -- 5 9 −0.17 (−1.04, 0.69) 9, 12
Belleville et al., 2018 Engage P 55 14.5 72.2 16 2 L -- 4 7 −0.22 (−1.05, 0.37) 43, 44
Olchik et al., 2013 Class P 80 13.2 70.3 12 3 L -- 8 8 −0.33 (−1.04, 0.39) 17, 14
Average g = 0.29, k = 36

Note. Studies are ordered based on their individual g, from largest to smallest in their respective subgroups. Missing values are denoted by “-”. Publications with either multiple training groups or multiple control groups are marked by letters (a, b, c, or d) behind the first author’s last name.

†

denotes studies that reported pre-post mean difference instead of raw means.

ǂ

denotes studies that reported standardized effect sizes. Training Type = different types of training.. EF=Executive Functions. Reason= Reasoning. Sem.=Semantic. Engage=Engagement-based. Lab=Lab-based. Class=Classroom-based. Ctrl= Control. A=Active. P=Passive. % F= percent of female participants. Edu = years of formal education. Tot. Hr = total training hours. Hr. per Wk.= training hours per week. Adapt = adaptiveness.

# cog. outcomes = number of cognitive outcomes. For training location, “H”= home-based training, “L” = Lab-based training. For adaptiveness, “Y” = individualized adaptive, “N” = not individualized adaptive or not adaptive, “--” = not applicable. MCI=Mild cognitive impairment. g=net-gain effect size, NT=sample size in the training group, NC=sample size in the control group. g denotes net-gain effect size. k denotes sample size for g.