Table 2.
Characteristics of Cognitive Training Studies in Healthy Aging (HA) and MCI
| Citation | Training Type | Ctrl (A/P) | % F | Edu | Age | Tot. Hr | Hr per Wk | Location (H/L) | Adapt (Y/N) | # Cog. Outcomes | PEDro Score | g (95%CI) | NT, NC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HA: Single-Component Training | |||||||||||||
| Borella et al., 2014 | EF | A | - | 8.8 | 69 | 5 | 2.5 | L | N | 10 | 8 | 1.23 (0.56, 1.91) | 20, 20 |
| Cantarella et al., 2017 | EF | A | 50 | 10.5 | 69.34 | 3 | 1 | L | Y | 4 | 7 | 1.18 (0.47, 1.88) | 18, 18 |
| Borella, Carretti, Riboldi, & De Beni, 2010 | EF | A | 65 | 9.3 | 69 | 10 | 5 | L | N | 10 | 7 | 1.17 (0.5, 1.84) | 20, 20 |
| Carretti, Borella, Zavagnin, & De Beni, 2013 | EF | A | 57 | 8.5 | 70 | 3 | 1.5 | L | Y | 6 | 7 | 0.96 (0.27, 1.66) | 17, 19 |
| Bier, De Boysson, & Belleille, 2014 | Speed | P | - | 15 | 69.12 | 6 | 3 | L | N | 4 | 8 | 0.94 (0.11, 1.77) | 13, 12 |
| Xin, Lai, Li, & Maes, 2014 | EF | A | 53 | - | 69.53 | 10 | 3.5 | L | Y | 4 | 6 | 0.87 (0.11, 1.63) | 15, 14 |
| Chen, Wei, Deng, & Sun, 2018 | Memory | P | 58 | - | 68.6 | 10 | 1 | L | N | 3 | 6 | 0.82 (0.53, 1.1) | 15, 20 |
| Stepankova et al., 2014 | EF | P | 72 | 15 | 68.3 | 6.6 | 1.4 | H | Y | 7 | 7 | 0.81 (0.2, 1.42) | 20, 25 |
| Garcia-Campuzano, Virues-Ortega, Smith, & Moussavi, 2013 | EF | P | 79 | - | 78.3 | 12 | 1.5 | L | N | 1 | 7 | 0.78 (−0.05, 1.61) | 13, 11 |
| Chen et al., 2018 | Memory | P | 58 | - | 68.6 | 10 | 1 | L | N | 3 | 6 | 0.73 (0.42, 1.03) | 19, 20 |
| Woolverton, Scogin, Shackelford, Black, & Duke, 2001 | Memory | P | 65 | 15.7 | 71.3 | 13 | 7 | H | N | 6 | 6 | 0.72 (0.04, 1.41) | 14, 23 |
| Margrett & Willis, 2006 | Reason | P | 50 | 15.9 | 71.3 | 10 | 2 | H | N | 3 | 6 | 0.64 (0.15, 1.13) | 34, 34 |
| Margrett & Willis, 2006 | Reason | P | 50 | 15.9 | 71.3 | 10 | 2 | H | N | 3 | 6 | 0.6 (0.1, 1.1) | 30, 34 |
| Heinzel, Rimpel, Stelzel, & Rapp, 2017 | EF | P | 79 | 16 | 65.39 | 9 | 2.25 | L | Y | 8 | 6 | 0.59 (−0.1, 1.28) | 18, 16 |
| Hill, Storandt, & Simeone, 1990 | Memory | A | 60 | 14 | 70.33 | - | - | L | N | 3 | 7 | 0.59 (0.01, 1.17) | 16, 16 |
| Chen et al., 2018 | Memory | P | 58 | - | 68.6 | 10 | 1 | L | N | 3 | 6 | 0.58 (0.28, 0.87) | 17, 20 |
| Stepankova et al., 2014 | EF | P | 72 | 15 | 68.3 | 3.3 | 0.7 | H | Y | 7 | 7 | 0.57 (−0.03, 1.17) | 20, 25 |
| Lussier, Bugaiska, & Bherer, 2016 | EF | A | 68 | 14 | 61.2 | 5 | 2.5 | L | Y | 6 | 7 | 0.56 (−0.01, 1.13) | 18, 38 |
| ǂAnguera et al., 2013 | EF | P | 87 | 16.5 | 67 | 12 | 3 | H | Y | 11 | 7 | 0.56 (−0.17, 1.29) | 15, 15 |
| Gao, Peng, & Wen, 2014 | EF | P | 53 | 6.9 | 84.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | L | N | 2 | 5 | 0.55 (−0.06, 1.16) | 20, 23 |
| Bailey, Dagenbach, & Jennings, 2011 | EF | A | - | 16 | 69.5 | 6 | 3 | L | Y | 3 | 6 | 0.53 (−0.39, 1.44) | 10, 9 |
| Lussier, Gagnon, & Bherer, 2012 | EF | P | 78 | 14 | 68.5 | 5 | 2.5 | L | Y | 9 | 8 | 0.53 (−0.31, 1.36) | 13, 10 |
| Murphy, O’Sullivan, & Kelleher, 2014 | Sem. | A | 73 | - | 71.5 | - | - | H | N | 4 | 7 | 0.52 (−0.14, 1.17) | 19, 18 |
| Engvig et al., 2010 | Memory | P | 55 | 15.5 | 61 | 8 | 1 | L | N | 4 | 6 | 0.51 (−0.12, 1.15) | 21, 19 |
| Chen et al., 2018 | Reason | P | 58 | - | 68.6 | 10 | 1 | L | N | 3 | 6 | 0.49 (0.210.78) | 15, 20 |
| Buschkuehl et al., 2008 | EF | A | 59 | - | 80 | 18 | 1.5 | L | Y | 4 | 6 | 0.48 (−0.24, 1.19) | 13, 19 |
| McAvinue et al., 2013 | EF | A | 64 | - | 70 | 12. 5 | 2.5 | H | Y | 7 | 5 | 0.48 (−0.19, 1.14) | 19, 17 |
| Eramudugolla, Kiely, Chopra, & Anstey, 2017 | Speed | P | 47 | - | 71.9 | 10 | 1 | H | Y | 6 | 7 | 0.47 (0.18, 0.75) | 24, 24 |
| Payne & Stine-Morrow, 2017 | EF | A | 73 | 17 | 67.9 | 7.5 | 2.5 | H | Y | 8 | 8 | 0.45 (−0.17, 1.08) | 22, 19 |
| Dustman et al., 1992 | Speed | A | 62 | 14.5 | 65 | 33 | 3 | L | Y | 7 | 5 | 0.44 (0.13, 0.75) | 20, 20 |
| Caprio-Prevette & Fry, 1996 | Memory | A | 71 | - | 69.2 | 20 | 2 | L | N | 9 | 8 | 0.43 (0.06, 0.8) | 54, 61 |
| Dunlosky, Kubat-Silman, & Hertzog, 2003 | Memory | P | - | - | 67.73 | 4 | 2 | L | N | 4 | 8 | 0.41 (−0.09, 0.9) | 33, 31 |
| Brehmer, Westerberg, & Bäckman, 2012 | EF | A | 60 | 15.3 | 63.7 | 8.67 | 1.73 | H | Y | 9 | 9 | 0.4 (−0.19, 1) | 26, 19 |
| Ball et al., 2002 | Speed | P | 75 | 16 | 73.6 | 10 | 2 | H | Y | 3 | 7 | 0.37 (0.01, 0.72) | 712, 704 |
| Belchior et al., 2013 | Speed | P | - | 13 | 74 | - | - | L | Y | 10 | 7 | 0.37 (−0.37, 1.11) | 16, 13 |
| Cuenen et al., 2016 | EF | P | - | 71.25 | - | - | H | Y | 3 | 7 | 0.36 (−0.29, 1) | 19, 18 | |
| Zinke et al., 2014 | EF | P | 74 | 14 | 77.2 | 4.5 | 1.5 | L | Y | 4 | 7 | 0.35 (−0.09, 0.79) | 40, 40 |
| ǂAnguera et al., 2013 | EF | P | 87 | 67 | 12 | 3 | L | N | 4 | 7 | 0.34 (−0.37, 1.05) | 16, 15 | |
| Cuenen et al., 2016 | Speed | P | - | 16.5 | 71.25 | - | - | H | Y | 11 | 7 | 0.34 (−0.31, 0.98) | 19, 18 |
| Dunlosky et al., 2003 | EF | A | - | 67.73 | 4 | 2 | H | N | 3 | 8 | 0.34 (−0.16, 0.83) | 33, 31 | |
| Borella et al., 2014 | EF | A | - | 7 | 79 | 5 | 2.5 | L | Y | 12 | 8 | 0.33 (−0.3, 0.95) | 20, 20 |
| Kim, Chey, & Lee, 2017 | EF | P | 96 | 8.8 | 71.44 | 24 | 3 | L | N | 10 | 6 | 0.33 (−0.43, 1.09) | 14, 13 |
| Chan, Wu, Liang, & Yan, 2015 | EF | A | 54 | - | 70.6 | 10 | 1 | L | Y | 12 | 7 | 0.32 (−0.52, 1.17) | 12, 10 |
| Hayslip, 1989 | Reason | P | - | - | 70.58 | 5 | - | L | N | 2 | 8 | 0.31 (0, 0.62) | 76, 88 |
| Borella, Carretti, Zanoni, Zavagnin, & De Beni, 2013 | EF | A | 61 | - | 79 | 3 | 1 | L | Y | 11 | 8 | 0.3 (−0.36, 0.95) | 18, 18 |
| Salminen, Frensch, Strobach, & Schubert, 2016 | EF | P | 59 | 11 | 65 | 14 | 3 | L | Y | 13 | 7 | 0.29 (−0.29, 0.87) | 25, 21 |
| Lange & SuB, 2015 | EF | A | 68 | 14 | 67.97 | 12 | 2 | L | Y | 18 | 8 | 0.27 (−0.24, 0.78) | 31, 29 |
| †Nouchi, Saito, Nouchi, & Kawashima, 2016 | Speed | A | 61. 11 | 12 | 68.92 | 5 | 1.25 | H | Y | 11 | 8 | 0.26 (−0.21, 0.72) | 36, 36 |
| Dustman et al., 1992 | Speed | P | 62 | 14.5 | 65 | 33 | 3 | L | Y | 7 | 5 | 0.25 (−0.060.56) | 20, 20 |
| Woolverton et al., 2001 | Memory | P | 65 | 15.7 | 71.3 | 24 | 7 | H | N | 6 | 6 | 0.25 (−0.4, 0.89) | 16, 23 |
| ǂCheng et al., 2012 | Reason | P | 68 | 9.5 | 70.2 | 24 | 2 | L | N | 6 | 10 | 0.24 (−0.12, 0.6) | 59, 60 |
| Ji, Wang, Chen, Du, & Zhan, 2016 | EF | A | 14.2 | 70.06 | 12 | 3 | L | Y | 18 | 7 | 0.23 (−0.44, 0.91) | 18, 16 | |
| Hayslip, 1989 | Reason | P | - | - | 70.58 | 5 | - | L | N | 2 | 8 | 0.22 (−0.07, 0.51) | 92, 88 |
| Hill, Allen, & McWhorter, 1991 | Mem. | A | 39 | 14 | 70.4 | - | - | L | N | 3 | 7 | 0.21 (−0.38, 0.8) | 23, 21 |
| Lange & SuB, 2015 | EF | P | 68 | 14 | 67.97 | 12 | 2 | L | Y | 18 | 8 | 0.21 (−0.29, 0.71) | 31, 31 |
| Bellander et al., 2017 | Memory | A | 43 | 14.7 | 68.38 | 13. 2 | 2.25 | H | Y | 12 | 9 | 0.19 (−0.44, 0.82) | 19, 20 |
| Ball et al., 2002 | Reas. | P | 75 | 13 | 73.6 | 10 | 2 | L | N | 10 | 8 | 0.18 (−0.15, 0.51) | 705, 704 |
| Edwards et al., 2005 | Speed | P | 58 | - | 73.57 | 10 | 2 | L | Y | 1 | 6 | 0.18 (−0.17, 0.53) | 63, 63 |
| Scogin & Prohaska, 1992 | Memory | A | 70 | - | 68.4 | 24 | 7 | H | N | 8 | 7 | 0.16 (−0.53, 0.84) | 16, 17 |
| Baltes, Kliegl, & Dittmann-Kohli, 1988 | Reason | P | 68 | - | 73 | 10 | H | N | 8 | 6 | 0.15 (−0.36, 0.67) | 29, 29 | |
| Dahlin, Nyberg, Bäckman, & Neely, 2008 | EF | P | 62 | 12.5 | 68 | 11. 3 | 2.25 | L | N | 7 | 7 | 0.15 (−0.59, 0.88) | 13, 16 |
| Scogin & Prohaska, 1992 | Memory | P | 70 | 13 | 68.4 | 24 | 7 | L | Y | 10 | 7 | 0.15 (−0.49, 0.79) | 16, 23 |
| Sandberg, Rönnlund, Nyberg, & Stigsdotter Neely, 2014 | EF | P | 57 | 12 | 69.3 | 11. 3 | 2.25 | L | N | 17 | 7 | 0.14 (−0.57, 0.86) | 15, 15 |
| Basak & O’Connell, 2016 | EF | A | 67 | 14 | 68.8 | 5 | 2.5 | L | Y | 6 | 9 | 0.12 (−0.48, 0.72) | 22, 21 |
| Theill, Schumacher, Adelsberger, Martin, & Jäncke, 2013 | EF | P | 73 | 15 | 71.8 | 10 | 1 | L | N | 9 | 5 | 0.12 (−0.59, 0.83) | 12, 21 |
| Flegal & Lustig, 2015 | EF | A | - | 16.5 | 75 | - | - | L | Y | 8 | 7 | 0.09 (−0.41, 0.6) | 30, 30 |
| Wilkinson & Yang, 2012 | EF | A | - | 16 | 71.05 | 3 | 1.5 | L | N | 7 | 7 | 0.08 (−0.52, 0.69) | 42, 14 |
| †Li et al., 2016 | Memory | P | 76 | 13 | 68.3 | 16 | 3 | L | N | 13 | 7 | 0.07 (−1.01, 1.15) | 19, 4 |
| Zimmermann, von Bastian, Röcke, Martin, & Eschen, 2016 | Memory | A | 61 | 14.5 | 67.49 | 75 | 12. 5 | H | Y | 13 | 10 | 0.07 (−0.42, 0.55) | 36, 31 |
| Weicker et al., 2018 | EF | P | 50 | 15.8 | 67 | 9 | 2.25 | L | N | 18 | 8 | 0.06 (−0.25, 0.37) | 20, 20 |
| Ball et al., 2002 | Memory | P | 75 | 73.6 | 10 | 2 | L | Y | 1 | 8 | 0.06 (−0.28, 0.39) | 711, 704 | |
| Mohs et al., 1998 | Memory | A | 77 | 13 | 78 | 13. 5 | 1.5 | L | N | 10 | 8 | 0.06 (−0.28, 0.4) | 64, 69 |
| Sutter, Zöllig, & Martin, 2013 | Sem. | A | 55 | 10 | 72.27 | 1.5 | 0.5 | H | N | 5 | 6 | 0.05 (−0.57, 0.67) | 19, 21 |
| Bürki, Ludwig, Chicherio, & de Ribaupierre, 2014 | EF | P | 69 | 14.3 | 68 | 5 | 2.5 | L | N | 3 | 6 | 0.04 (−0.54, 0.62) | 22, 23 |
| Hill et al., 1991 | Memory | A | 39 | 15 | 70.4 | - | - | L | Y | 11 | 7 | 0.04 (−0.65, 0.73) | 27, 21 |
| Bailey et al., 2011 | EF | A | - | 14.5 | 70.5 | 6 | 3 | L | Y | 11 | 6 | 0.03 (−0.85, 0.91) | 10, 10 |
| Edwards et al., 2002 | Speed | A | 63 | 16 | 76 | 10 | 2 | L | Y | 3 | 7 | 0.03 (−0.38, 0.44) | 44, 47 |
| Weicker et al., 2018 | EF | A | 50 | 16.3 | 67 | 9 | 2.25 | L | Y | 18 | 8 | 0.02 (−0.29, 0.33) | 20, 20 |
| Hampstead et al., 2012 | Memory | A | - | - | 72 | 3 | 3 | L | Y | 2 | 9 | 0.02 (−0.84, 0.87) | 11, 10 |
| Richmond, Morrison, Chein, & Olson, 2011 | EF | A | 80 | - | 66 | 10 | 2.5 | L | Y | 8 | 7 | 0.02 (−0.6, 0.64) | 21, 19 |
| G. H. Kim et al., 2015 | Speed | A | - | - | 72.3 | 16 | 2 | L | N | 9 | 6 | 0.01 (−0.4–0.04) | 14, 14 |
| Bürki et al., 2014 | EF | P | 69 | 15 | 68 | 5 | 2.5 | L | Y | 11 | 6 | 0.01 (−0.59, 0.61) | 20, 23 |
| Lussier, Brouillard, & Bherer, 2015 | EF | A | 72 | 14.5 | 72.6 | 12 | 1 | L | Y | 6 | 9 | −0.01 (−0.66, 0.64) | 13, 31 |
| von Bastian, Langer, Jäncke, & Oberauer, 2013 | EF | A | 40 | - | 68 | 10 | 2.5 | H | Y | 6 | 9 | −0.01 (−0.53, 0.51) | 27, 30 |
| Bailey et al., 2011 | EF | A | - | 16 | 69.5 | 6 | 3 | L | Y | 3 | 6 | −0.07 (−0.93, 0.78) | 11, 10 |
| Flegal & Lustig, 2015 | EF | A | - | 14.5 | 75 | - | - | L | Y | 6 | 7 | −0.08 (−0.58, 0.43) | 30, 30 |
| Boot et al., 2013 | Speed | P | 53 | 16.5 | 70 | 60 | 5 | L | Y | 26 | 5 | −0.08 (−0.41, 0.22) | 21, 20 |
| Lussier et al., 2015 | EF | A | 72 | - | 72.6 | 12 | 1 | H | Y | 8 | 9 | −0.08 (−0.71, 0.56) | 14, 31 |
| Goghari & Lawlor-Savage, 2017 | EF | P | 67 | 13.3 | 70.43 | 20 | 2.5 | L | N | 8 | 7 | −0.11 (−0.58, 0.35) | 36, 36 |
| N. Zimmermann, Netto, Amodeo, Ska, & Fonseca, 2014 | EF | A | - | 15.4 | 68.19 | 24 | 4 | H | Y | 40 | 6 | −0.11 (−1.17, 0.95) | 8, 6 |
| Bier et al., 2014 | Speed | P | - | 15 | 69.12 | 6 | 3 | L | N | 4 | 8 | −0.12 (−0.92, 0.68) | 12, 12 |
| Goghari & Lawlor-Savage, 2017 | Reason | P | 67 | 15.4 | 70.43 | 20 | 2.5 | H | Y | 8 | 7 | −0.13 (−0.59, 0.33) | 36, 36 |
| Edwards et al., 2013 | Speed | P | 69 | - | 73.99 | 20 | 2.5 | L | Y | 16 | 6 | −0.26 (−0.77, 0.25) | 27, 33 |
| Hill et al., 1990 | Engage | A | 60 | 14.3 | 70.33 | - | - | L | N | 3 | 7 | −0.78 (−1.5, − 0.06) | 16, 16 |
| Average g = 0.3, k = 94 | |||||||||||||
| HA: Multi-Component Training | |||||||||||||
| Cavallini et al., 2015 | Class | A | - | 8.5 | 85.13 | 6 | 1 | H | -- | 8 | 7 | 1.88 (1.07, 2.69) | 16, 18 |
| Postigo, Javier, & Trives, 2010 | Class | A | 64 | - | 66.9 | 15 | 3 | L | -- | 2 | 9 | 1.47 (0.66, 2.28) | 15, 15 |
| Postigo et al., 2010 | Class | P | 64 | - | 66.9 | 15 | 3 | L | -- | 2 | 9 | 1.08 (0.32, 1.85) | 15, 15 |
| McDougall & House, 2012 | Lab | P | 51 | - | 74.6 | - | - | H | Y | 4 | 5 | 1 (0.35, 1.65) | 21, 20 |
| Pereira-Morales, Cruz-Salinas, Aponte, & Pereira-Manrique, 2018 | Lab | P | 90 | 12 | 67 | 36 | 4.5 | H | Y | 5 | 7 | 0.78 (0.23,1.4) | 17,11 |
| Fairchild & Scogin, 2010 | Class | A | 81 | - | 72.4 | 4.5 | 0.75 | L | -- | 9 | 7 | 0.66 (0.1, 1.21) | 28, 25 |
| Pereira-Morales et al., 2018 | Lab | P | 90 | 12 | 67 | 32 | 4 | H | Y | 5 | 7 | 0.58 (0.02,1.03) | 12,11 |
| †Nouchi et al., 2012 | Lab | A | 53 | 13.3 | 68 | 5 | 1.25 | H | Y | 8 | 10 | 0.56 (−0.2, 1.31) | 14, 14 |
| Cantarella, Borella, Marigo, & De Beni, 2017 | Class | A | 50 | 8 | 69.34 | 3 | 1 | L | -- | 3 | 7 | 0.48 (−0.22, 1.18) | 16, 16 |
| Uchida & Kawashima, 2008 | Class | P | 44 | 12.5 | 75 | 40. 3 | 1.75 | H | -- | 9 | 9 | 0.44 (0.03, 0.84) | 49, 46 |
| Mahncke et al., 2006 | Lab | A | 50 | 16.3 | 70.9 | 45 | 5 | H | Y | 2 | 6 | 0.41 (0.02, 0.81) | 50, 51 |
| Craik et al., 2007 | Class | A | 55 | - | 78.7 | 36 | 3 | L | -- | 22 | 6 | 0.38 (−0.2, 0.95) | 29, 20 |
| Tranter & Koutstaal, 2008 | Engage | P | 75 | 14 | 67.8 | 9 | 1.5 | H | -- | 2 | 7 | 0.38 (−0.22, 0.97) | 22, 22 |
| Kwok et al., 2013 | Class | P | 85 | 3.56 | 75.4 | 8 | 1 | L | -- | 9 | 9 | 0.37 (0.08, 0.67) | 86, 90 |
| †Cheng et al., 2012 | Class | A | 57 | 9.5 | 70 | 3 | 1.5 | L | -- | 6 | 10 | 0.36 (−0.02, 0.73) | 54, 60 |
| Shatil, 2013 | Lab | A | 68 | 15 | 76.8 | 32 | 2 | L | Y | 13 | 5 | 0.34 (−0.16, 0.84) | 33, 29 |
| Shatil, Mikulecká, Bellotti, & Bureš, 2014 | Lab | A | 63 | 18 | 68 | 8 | 1 | L | Y | 6 | 8 | 0.33 (−0.03, 0.69) | 60, 59 |
| Golino, Flores Mendoza, & Golino, 2017 | Lab | P | 77 | 7.25 | 69.69 | 15 | 1.25 | L | N | 8 | 8 | 0.28 (−0.16, 0.73) | 47, 33 |
| †Lee et al., 2013 | Lab | P | - | - | 65 | 12 | 0.5 | L | N | 6 | 7 | 0.28 (−0.43, 0.99) | 15, 16 |
| Mahncke et al., 2006 | Lab | P | 50 | 16.3 | 70.9 | 45 | 5 | H | Y | 2 | 6 | 0.28 (−0.11, 0.66) | 50, 54 |
| Gajewski & Falkenstein, 2012 | Lab | P | 59 | - | 70.9 | 48 | 3 | L | Y | 3 | 7 | 0.24 (−0.23, 0.71) | 32, 40 |
| †Li et al., 2016 | Lab | P | 62 | 15 | 68.3 | 16 | 3 | L | Y | 6 | 7 | 0.23 (−0.46, 0.91) | 20, 14 |
| Rasmusson, Rebok, Bylsma, & Brandt, 1999 | Lab | P | 59 | 13 | 78 | 13. 5 | 1.5 | L | N | 13 | 7 | 0.23 (−0.57, 1.04) | 13, 11 |
| Lima-Silva et al., 2010 | Class | P | 81 | 16.2 | 64.69 | 7.5 | 7.5 | L | -- | 4 | 7 | 0.22 (−0.26, 0.69) | 37, 32 |
| Park et al., 2014 | Engage | A | 73 | 8.38 | 71.67 | 198 | 16. 51 | L | -- | 12 | 9 | 0.22 (−0.26, 0.7) | 29, 39 |
| Kalbe et al., 2018 | Lab | A | 77 | 15 | 67 | 13. 5 | 2.25 | L | Y | 13 | 9 | 0.2 (0.01, 0.4) | 21, 18 |
| ǂSmith et al., 2009 | Lab | A | 52 | - | 75 | 40 | 5 | L | N | 9 | 9 | 0.2 (0.02, 0.38) | 242, 245 |
| van Zon, Kirby, & Anderson, 2016 | Class | A | 69 | 15.6 | 83.3 | 8 | 1 | H | -- | 8 | 7 | 0.2 (−0.46, 0.85) | 18, 18 |
| Belchior et al., 2013 | Engage | P | - | 16 | 74 | - | - | H | Y | 3 | 7 | 0.19 (−0.53, 0.92) | 17, 13 |
| Sutter et al., 2013 | Lab | P | 55 | 10 | 72.27 | 1.5 | 0.5 | H | N | 5 | 6 | 0.19 (−0.42, 0.8) | 21, 21 |
| van Muijden et al., 2012 | Lab | A | 44 | 12 | 67 | 24. 5 | 3.5 | H | Y | 10 | 7 | 0.19 (−0.34, 0.72) | 44, 20 |
| Basak et al., 2008 | Engage | A | 74 | 13.5 | 69 | 23. 5 | 4.5 | L | N | 9 | 6 | 0.18 (−0.46, 0.82) | 19, 19 |
| Belchior et al., 2013 | Engage | P | - | 16 | 74 | - | - | H | Y | 3 | 7 | 0.18 (−0.58, 0.94) | 14, 13 |
| Gajewski & Falkenstein, 2012 | Lab | A | 59 | 16.2 | 70.9 | 48 | 3 | L | Y | 17 | 7 | 0.18 (−0.3, 0.66) | 32, 34 |
| Buitenweg, van de Ven, Prinssen, Murre, & Ridderinkhof, 2017 | Lab | A | 60 | - | 67.5 | 30 | 2.5 | L | Y | 25 | 7 | 0.18 (0.004, 0.35) | 33, 50 |
| G. H. Kim et al., 2015 | Lab | P | 71 | 13.7 | 67.5 | 90 | 7.5 | L | Y | 3 | 9 | 0.18 (−0.37, 0.73) | 23, 28 |
| Simpson, Camfield, Pipingas, Macpherson, & Stough, 2012 | Lab | A | 53 | - | 62.3 | 7 | 2.3 | H | Y | 10 | 9 | 0.17 (−0.54, 0.87) | 17, 14 |
| Ordonez, Yassuda, & Cachioni, 2011 | Engage | P | 71 | 9.3 | 67.4 | 30 | 2 | L | -- | 7 | 6 | 0.16 (−0.45, 0.76) | 22, 20 |
| Stine-Morrow, Parisi, Morrow, & Park, 2008 | Engage | P | - | 16 | 72.5 | - | - | L | -- | 13 | 5 | 0.15 (−0.18, 0.47) | 87, 63 |
| Park et al., 2014 | Engage | A | 73 | 16.2 | 71.67 | 198 | 16. 51 | L | -- | 4 | 9 | 0.14 (−0.29, 0.58) | 42, 39 |
| Ballesteros et al., 2014 | Lab | P | - | 74 | - | - | H | N | 18 | 7 | 0.13 (−0.59, 0.86) | 17, 13 | |
| G. H. Kim et al., 2015 | Lab | P | 71 | 13.5 | 67.5 | 90 | 7.5 | L | N | 15 | 9 | 0.12 (−0.45, 0.7) | 20, 28 |
| Banducci et al., 2017 | Engage | A | 63 | 14.5 | 69.46 | 10 | 2.5 | H | - | 8 | 8 | 0.11 (−0.19, 0.41) | 86, 82 |
| Lopes & Argimon, 2016 | Lab | P | 80 | 12.5 | 68.75 | 12 | 1.5 | L | N | 17 | 5 | 0.11 (−0.32, 0.54) | 45, 38 |
| Park et al., 2014 | Engage | A | 73 | 12.7 | 71.67 | 198 | 16. 51 | L | - | 6 | 9 | 0.11 (−0.35, 0.56) | 35, 39 |
| Peretz et al., 2011 | Lab | A | 63 | 16.2 | 68 | 15 | 1.25 | L | N | 4 | 9 | 0.11 (−0.25, 0.47) | 66, 55 |
| Stern et al., 2011 | Engage | A | 57 | 16 | 66 | 36 | 3 | L | N | 14 | 7 | 0.11 (−0.56, 0.77) | 17, 18 |
| Hars, Herrmann, Gold, Rizzoli, & Trombetti, 2014 | Engage | P | 96 | - | 75.5 | 25 | 1 | L | -- | 5 | 8 | 0.1 (−0.24, 0.44) | 66, 68 |
| Oh, Seo, Lee, Song, & Shin, 2017 | Lab | P | 53 | 13.9 | 59.3 | 13. 3 | 1.3 | L | Y | 10 | 6 | 0.1 (−0.44, 0.34) | 18, 16 |
| Ballesteros et al., 2017 | Lab | A | 79 | 16 | 65 | 8 | 4 | H | Y | 7 | 7 | 0.097 (−0.2, 0.38) | 30, 25 |
| Souders et al., 2017 | Lab | A | 56 | 16 | 72.35 | 22. 5 | 5.25 | H | Y | 8 | 7 | 0.09 (−0.42, 0.59) | 30, 30 |
| Oh et al., 2017 | Lab | P | 53 | - | 59.3 | 13. 3 | 1.3 | H | Y | 10 | 6 | 0.07 (−0.74, 0.68) | 19, 16 |
| Reijnders, Geusgens, Ponds, & van Boxtel, 2017 | Class | P | 72 | - | 56.35 | 7 | 2.5 | H | -- | 6 | 7 | 0.07 (−0.14, 0.28) | 228, 148 |
| Whitlock, McLaughlin, & Allaire, 2012 | Engage | P | 51 | - | 65 | 14 | 7 | L | Y | 7 | 4 | 0.07 (−0.55, 0.7) | 19, 20 |
| Miller et al., 2013 | Lab | P | 67 | 13.9 | 81 | 15 | 1.88 | L | Y | 9 | 7 | 0.06 (−0.39, 0.52) | 38, 36 |
| G. J. McDougall et al., 2010 | Class | A | 79 | 16 | 74 | 8 | 4 | L | -- | 5 | 7 | 0.05 (−0.2, 0.3) | 127, 117 |
| Bozoki, Radovanovic, Winn, Heeter, & Anthony, 2013 | Lab | A | 58 | 13.5 | 69 | 27 | 2.5 | H | N | 9 | 7 | 0.04 (−0.47, 0.55) | 32, 28 |
| Stern et al., 2011 | Engage | P | 57 | 16.8 | 65 | 36 | 3 | L | N | 14 | 7 | 0.01 (−0.64, 0.66) | 17, 19 |
| Buiza et al., 2008 | Lab | P | 73 | - | 74 | 270 | 3 | L | N | 9 | 5 | 0.001 (−0.31, 0.32) | 68, 85 |
| Hynes, 2016 | Lab | P | 75 | 16 | 70.99 | 6.25 | 1.75 | H | Y | 3 | 5 | 0.001 (−0.79, 0.78) | 13, 12 |
| Legault et al., 2011 | Lab | A | 51 | - | 76.4 | 16 | 1 | L | Y | 10 | 8 | −0.01 (−0.7, 0.67) | 16, 17 |
| Buitenweg et al., 2017 | Lab | A | 60 | - | 67.5 | 30 | 2.5 | L | Y | 25 | 7 | −0.04 (−0.25, 0.16) | 56, 50 |
| Buiza et al., 2008 | Lab | P | 73 | - | 74 | 270 | 3 | L | N | 9 | 5 | −0.04 (−0.35, 0.26) | 85, 85 |
| Rasmusson et al., 1999 | Class | P | 59 | 13.7 | 78 | 13. 5 | 1.5 | L | -- | 6 | 7 | −0.1 (−0.96, 0.76) | 10, 11 |
| Rasmusson et al., 1999 | Class | P | 59 | - | 78 | 13. 5 | 1.5 | H | -- | 6 | 7 | −0.12 (−0.94, 0.7) | 12, 11 |
| Boot et al., 2013 | Lab | P | 58 | 15 | 70 | 60 | 5 | H | Y | 26 | 5 | −0.36 (−0.99, 0.26) | 20, 20 |
| Giuli, Papa, Lattanzio, & Postacchini, 2016 | Lab | P | 80 | 15 | 72.45 | 15 | 1.5 | L | N | 6 | 7 | −0.49 (−0.89, − 0.09) | 47, 53 |
| Average g = 0.24, k = 67 | |||||||||||||
| MCI: Single-Component Training | |||||||||||||
| Mudar et al., 2017 | Memory | A | 4 | 16.5 | 73 | 8 | 2 | H | N | 9 | 8 | 0.98 (0.72, 1.23) | 23, 27 |
| Savulich et al., 2017 | Memory | A | 40 | 10 | 75.5 | 8 | 2 | L | Y | 4 | 8 | 0.68 (0.05, 1.2) | 21, 21 |
| Calero & Navarro, 2007 | Memory | P | - | - | 14 | 2 | L | Y | 3 | 6 | 0.56 (0.02, 1.1) | 27, 28 | |
| Mansbach, Mace, & Clark, 2017 | Memory | P | 58 | 78.08 | 4.5 | 1.5 | L | N | 1 | 9 | 0.52 (−0.39, 1.42) | 12, 8 | |
| Carretti et al., 2013 | EF | A | 50 | 7.3 | 70 | 4.5 | 2 | L | Y | 8 | 7 | 0.51 (−0.38, 1.4) | 10, 10 |
| Vance et al., 2007 | Speed | A | 48 | 14 | 75.2 | 10 | 1 | L | Y | 8 | 7 | 0.31 (0, 0.62) | 82, 77 |
| F Scogin, Storandt, & Lott, 1985 | Memory | P | 79 | 66 | 16 | 7 | H | N | 8 | 6 | 0.28 (−0.3, 0.86) | 20, 27 | |
| Giuli et al., 2016 | Memory | P | 63 | 11.5 | 76.25 | 7.5 | 0.75 | L | N | 13 | 7 | 0.26 (−0.14, 0.65) | 48, 49 |
| †Konsztowicz, Anton, Crane, Moafmashhadi, & Koski, 2013 | Memory | P | 54 | 6 | 77.5 | 10. 5 | 1.5 | L | N | 12 | 6 | 0.26 (−0.98, 1.49) | 7, 4 |
| Hyer et al., 2016 | EF | A | 53 | 75 | 16. 7 | 3.3 | L | N | 5 | 8 | 0.2 (−0.32, 0.71) | 29, 30 | |
| Hampstead, Stringer, Stilla, Giddens, & Sathian, 2012 | Memory | A | - | 17.5 | 72 | 3 | 3 | L | Y | 2 | 9 | 0.16 (−0.58, 0.9) | 14, 14 |
| Finn & McDonald, 2015 | EF | P | 29 | 13.7 | 75.2 | - | - | L | Y | 6 | 7 | 0.14 (−0.66, 0.94) | 12, 12 |
| Emsaki, NeshatDoost, Tavakoli, & Barekatain, 2017 | Memory | P | - | 14.1 | 63.4 | 6.7 | 1.3 | L | N | 8 | 6 | 0.13 (−0.62, 0.88) | 10, 10 |
| Olchik, Farina, Steibel, Teixeira, & Yassuda, 2013 | Memory | P | 80 | 13.2 | 70.3 | 12 | 3 | L | N | 8 | 8 | 0.13 (−0.59, 0.85) | 16, 14 |
| Jean, Bergeron, Thivierge, & Simard, 2010 | Memory | A | 59 | 14.5 | 68.5 | 4.5 | 1.5 | L | N | 20 | 8 | 0.05 (−0.79, 0.88) | 11, 11 |
| Gagnon & Belleville, 2012 | Speed | A | - | 14 | 67 | 6 | 3 | L | Y | 8 | 9 | 0.04 (−0.76, 0.84) | 12, 12 |
| Cahn-Weiner, Malloy, Rebok, & Ott, 2003 | Memory | A | 59 | 12.9 | 76.9 | 6 | 1 | L | N | 13 | 6 | 0.01 (−0.67, 0.68) | 17, 17 |
| Cohen-Mansfield et al., 2015b | Memory | P | 72 | 15 | 73.5 | 10 | 1 | L | N | 5 | 9 | 0.001 (−0.8, 0.8) | 12, 12 |
| Average g = 0.27, k = 18 | |||||||||||||
| MCI: Multi-Component Training | |||||||||||||
| Herrera, Chambon, Michel, Paban, & Alescio-Lautier, 2012 | Lab | A | 50 | - | 76.7 | 24 | 2 | L | Y | 9 | 8 | 1.14 (0.24, 2.04) | 11, 11 |
| Vranić, Španić, Carretti, & Borella, 2013 | Class | A | 80 | 13 | 73 | 13. 5 | 1.5 | L | -- | 14 | 7 | 0.92 (0.33, 1.51) | 31, 20 |
| †Gooding et al., 2016 | Engage | A | 42 | 15.1 | 75.57 | 30 | 2 | L | Y | 6 | 7 | 0.82 (0.2, 1.45) | 23, 20 |
| Man, Lee, Yu, & Yip, 2013 | Lab | P | 68 | - | 77.7 | 6 | 1 | L | N | 6 | 8 | 0.63 (−0.49, 1.75) | 7, 6 |
| †Gooding et al., 2016 | Lab | A | 42. 9 | 15.1 | 75.57 | 30 | 2 | L | Y | 6 | 7 | 0.6 (0.03, 1.17) | 31, 20 |
| Buschert et al., 2011 | Lab | A | 50 | 12.5 | 71.2 | 48 | 2 | L | N | 7 | 9 | 0.58 (−0.28, 1.44) | 10, 12 |
| Kinsella et al., 2009 | Class | P | 54 | 10.5 | 76.8 | 6.5 | 1.5 | L | -- | 6 | 8 | 0.55 (−0.04, 1.13) | 22, 24 |
| Rojas et al., 2013 | Class | P | 43 | 12 | 74 | 96 | 4 | L | -- | 3 | 6 | 0.55 (−0.17, 1.28) | 15, 15 |
| †Ceccato et al., 2012 | Lab | P | 80 | - | 86.4 | 18 | 1.5 | L | N | 2 | 9 | 0.51 (−0.05, 1.08) | 27, 23 |
| Hwang et al., 2012 | Lab | P | 70 | - | 65 | 18 | 1 | L | Y | 9 | 6 | 0.51 (−0.75, 1.77) | 5, 5 |
| Kawashima, 2013 | Lab | P | - | 6.7 | 85 | 35 | 1.5 | L | N | 15 | 5 | 0.51 (−0.19, 1.22) | 16, 16 |
| Moro et al., 2015 | Lab | P | - | 9.5 | 75.5 | - | - | L | N | 11 | 6 | 0.49 (−0.23, 1.22) | 15, 15 |
| ǂLampit et al., 2014 | Lab | A | 68. 8 | 72 | 24 | 2 | L | Y | 6 | 9 | 0.42 (−0.03, 0.87) | 39, 38 | |
| Moro et al., 2012 | Class | P | - | 9.5 | 70.9 | - | - | L | -- | 16 | 6 | 0.41 (−0.31, 1.14) | 15, 15 |
| Boripuntakul, Kothan, Methapatara, Munkhetvit, & Sungkarat, 2012 | Lab | P | 60 | 10 | 78 | 18 | 3 | L | N | 4 | 6 | 0.36 (−0.89, 1.61) | 5, 5 |
| Kurz, Pohl, Ramsenthaler, & Sorg, 2009 | Engage | P | 57 | 11 | 70.6 | 88 | 22 | L | -- | 4 | 4 | 0.36 (−0.42, 1.14) | 18, 10 |
| Belleville et al., 2018 | Lab | P | 55 | 14.5 | 72.2 | 16 | 2 | L | N | 4 | 7 | 0.28 (0.23,0.47) | 40, 44 |
| Regan, Wells, Farrow, O’Halloran, & Workman, 2017 | Engage | P | 55 | - | 77.2 | 8 | 4 | H | -- | 9 | 7 | 0.25 (−0.39, 0.89) | 25, 15 |
| Man et al., 2013 | Lab | P | 68 | - | 77.7 | 6 | 1 | L | N | 6 | 8 | 0.21 (−0.93, 1.34) | 6, 6 |
| Belleville et al., 2006 | Lab | P | - | - | 66 | 16 | 2 | L | N | 7 | 5 | 0.2 (−0.64, 1.04) | 17, 8 |
| Zhuang et al., 2013 | Lab | P | 76 | 7 | 83 | 90 | 3.75 | L | Y | 6 | 7 | 0.19 (−0.5, 0.88) | 19, 14 |
| †Konsztowicz et al., 2013 b | Engage | P | 50 | 11.5 | 78 | 10. 5 | 1.5 | L | -- | 13 | 6 | 0.18 (−1.02, 1.38) | 8, 4 |
| Diamond et al., 2015 | Lab | P | 67 | 14 | 66.5 | 28 | 4 | L | Y | 12 | 9 | 0.15 (−0.35, 0.64) | 36, 28 |
| Mowszowski et al., 2014 | Lab | P | 62 | - | 66.6 | 14 | 2 | L | N | 6 | 8 | 0.13 (−0.51, 0.77) | 25, 15 |
| ǂBarnes et al., 2009 | Lab | A | 40 | 17 | 74 | 50 | 8.3 | H | Y | 13 | 9 | 0.11 (−0.46, 0.68) | 22, 25 |
| Rapp, Brenes, Marsh, Brenes, & Marsh, 2002 | Class | P | 58 | - | 75.1 | 12 | 2 | L | -- | 8 | 7 | 0.11 (−0.79, 1.01) | 9, 10 |
| Finn & McDonald, 2011 | Lab | P | 50 | 10 | 74.2 | 10 | 1 | L | N | 8 | 8 | 0.08 (−0.9, 1.06) | 8, 8 |
| †Jeong et al., 2016 | Lab | P | 50 | 10 | 70.3 | 36 | 3 | H | N | 8 | 7 | 0.08 (−0.24, 0.41) | 71, 77 |
| †Jeong et al., 2016 | Lab | P | 50 | 12.5 | 70.3 | 30 | 2.5 | H | Y | 6 | 7 | 0.08 (−0.23, 0.4) | 76, 77 |
| Leung et al., 2015 | Lab | A | 78 | 9 | 70.1 | 39 | 3 | L | Y | 8 | 8 | 0.07 (−0.2, 0.34) | 109, 100 |
| †Vidovich et al., 2015 | Class | A | 54 | - | 75 | 15 | 3 | L | -- | 6 | 9 | 0.03 (−0.28, 0.35) | 77, 78 |
| †Küster et al., 2016 | Lab | P | 55 | 14 | 71.4 | 50 | 5 | H | Y | 22 | 6 | −0.06 (−0.72, 0.59) | 16, 20 |
| Greenaway, Duncan, & Smith, 2013 | Engage | P | 60 | 16.4 | 72.5 | 12 | 2 | L | -- | 3 | 7 | −0.1 (−0.75, 0.54) | 18, 19 |
| Cohen-Mansfield et al., 2015b | Class | P | 72 | 15 | 73 | 10 | 1 | L | -- | 5 | 9 | −0.17 (−1.04, 0.69) | 9, 12 |
| Belleville et al., 2018 | Engage | P | 55 | 14.5 | 72.2 | 16 | 2 | L | -- | 4 | 7 | −0.22 (−1.05, 0.37) | 43, 44 |
| Olchik et al., 2013 | Class | P | 80 | 13.2 | 70.3 | 12 | 3 | L | -- | 8 | 8 | −0.33 (−1.04, 0.39) | 17, 14 |
| Average g = 0.29, k = 36 | |||||||||||||
Note. Studies are ordered based on their individual g, from largest to smallest in their respective subgroups. Missing values are denoted by “-”. Publications with either multiple training groups or multiple control groups are marked by letters (a, b, c, or d) behind the first author’s last name.
†
denotes studies that reported pre-post mean difference instead of raw means.
ǂ
denotes studies that reported standardized effect sizes. Training Type = different types of training.. EF=Executive Functions. Reason= Reasoning. Sem.=Semantic. Engage=Engagement-based. Lab=Lab-based. Class=Classroom-based. Ctrl= Control. A=Active. P=Passive. % F= percent of female participants. Edu = years of formal education. Tot. Hr = total training hours. Hr. per Wk.= training hours per week. Adapt = adaptiveness.
# cog. outcomes = number of cognitive outcomes. For training location, “H”= home-based training, “L” = Lab-based training. For adaptiveness, “Y” = individualized adaptive, “N” = not individualized adaptive or not adaptive, “--” = not applicable. MCI=Mild cognitive impairment. g=net-gain effect size, NT=sample size in the training group, NC=sample size in the control group. g denotes net-gain effect size. k denotes sample size for g.