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Proposed working model. Nicotine specifically elevates the miR-124 level. MiR-124 targets and down-regulates IL6R, resulting in an increased ratio of T-bet/GATA3 and a shifting from Th2 toward Th1, thereby protecting against Th2-type UC and worsening Th1-type CD. Additionally, IL6-IL6R-STAT3 might form a positive loop to regulate this process. UC, ulcerative colitis; CD, Crohn's disease.
