TABLE III.

Demographic and Diagnostic Variables and Their Association With Postoperative Hemorrhage.

Variables	Total TORS Population, N = 509, No. (%)	OR for Association With Postoperative Hemorrhage [95% CI]
Age, yr, mean ± SD	59.8 ± 12.0	1.01 [0.96–1.03]
Sex
Male	361 (71%)	Ref
Female	148 (29%)	0.57 [0.26–1.26]
Race
White	346 (68%)	Ref
Other	163 (32%)	0.98 [0.50–1.95]
Hospital/patient state
New York	303 (59%)	Ref
California	50 (10%)	0.58 [0.17–1.98]
Florida	156 (31%)	0.49 [0.22–1.10]
Median household income
Above median	335 (66%)	Ref
Below median	174 (34%)	0.45 [0.20–0.99]
Primary expected payer
Private insurance	280 (55%)	Ref
Medicare	170 (34%)	0.82 [0.40–1.69]
Medicaid	45 (9%)	0.49 [0.11–2.17]
Other	12 (2%)	0.97 [0.12–7.81]
Comorbidity
Overall severity of comorbidity, Charlson comorbidity score
<3	241 (47%)	Ref
≥3	268 (53%)	3.02 [1.45–6.30]
Previous MI	17 (3%)	3.85 [1.18–12.5]
CHF	15 (3%)	4.55 [1.37–14.29]
COPD	85 (17%)	2.22 [1.08–4.55]
Diabetes	64 (13%)	1.20 [0.49–3.03]
Chronic kidney disease	24 (5%)	3.23 [1.16–9.09]
Indications for surgery
Neoplasm	376 (74%)	2.71 [1.04–7.06]
Malignant	338 (66%)	2.22 [0.99–4.76]
Benign	38 (7%)	0.98 [0.29–3.32]
Other*	133 (26%)	Ref
Neoplasm site
Oral cavity	24 (5%)	0.48 [0.06–3.68]
Oropharynx	338 (66%)	3.18 [1.31–7.71]
Base of tongue	144 (28%)	0.92 [0.45–1.90]
Tonsil	162 (32%)	1.96 [1.03–3.74]
Other	32 (6%)	2.27 [0.82–6.25]
Hypopharynx	*
Larynx	*

Other indications for surgery include obstructive sleep apnea and unspecified. Oral cavity includes oral tongue, buccal mucosa, and retromolar trigone. Other sites of the oropharynx include soft palate, pharyngeal wall, and unspecified pharyngeal locations.

^*Ten or fewer patients.

CHF = congestive heart failure; CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MI = myocardial infarction; OR = odds ratio; Ref = reference; SD = standard deviation; TORS = transoral robotic surgery.