Table 5.
The multivariate (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals) associations between the household, maternal, and child characteristics and the nutritional status of the children
| Household Characteristics | Underweight WAZWHO | Stunted HAZWHO | Wasted WHZWHO | Wasted MUAC < 115 cm |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1815 | 1815 | 1815 | 1815 |
| Months of inadequate household food provision | ||||
| 0 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–3 months | 1.06 (0.80–1.41) | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) | 0.83 (0.60–1.16) | 0.91 (0.65–1.26) |
| 4+ months | 1.50 (1.03–2.18) | 1.25 (0.86–1.84) | 1.02 (0.66–1.60) | 1.80 (1.20–2.71) |
| P trend | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.80 | 0.03 |
| Household food insecurity access score categories | ||||
| Food secure access | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Mildly food secure access | 1.12 (0.68–1.84) | 1.06 (0.65–1.71) | 0.71 (0.39–1.28) | 1.04 (0.62–1.75) |
| Moderately food insecure | 1.27 (0.89–1.81) | 1.16 (0.83–1.65) | 0.77 (0.50–1.16) | 0.67 (0.44–1.01) |
| Severely food insecure access | 1.08 (0.75–1.56) | 1.12 (0.79–1.58) | 0.68 (0.45–1.02) | 0.85 (0.58–1.23) |
| P trend | 0.61 | 0.47 | 0.08 | 0.21 |
| Household dietary diversity score tertiles | ||||
| First | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second | 0.82 (0.61–1.08) | 0.80 (0.60–1.05) | 0.97 (0.70–1.35) | 0.92 (0.67–1.26) |
| Third | 0.84 (0.63–1.11) | 0.71 (0.53–0.94) | 0.71 (0.50–1.02) | 0.83 (0.59–1.16) |
| P trend | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.27 |
| Household amenities score quartiles | ||||
| First quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second quartile | 0.89 (0.65–1.21) | 0.67 (0.50–0.92) | 0.97 (0.66–1.44) | 0.86 (0.60–1.24) |
| Third quartile | 0.77 (0.55–1.07) | 0.68 (0.50–0.95) | 1.09 (0.73–1.62) | 0.81 (0.55–1.19) |
| Forth quartile | 0.81 (0.58–1.13) | 0.52 (0.37–0.73) | 1.18 (0.78–1.81) | 0.85 (0.59–1.23) |
| P trend | 0.15 | 0.002 | 0.37 | 0.34 |
| Fence around the household | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 1.13 (0.87–1.46) | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 1.20 (0.88–1.64) | 0.76 (0.56–1.02) |
| P | 0.35 | 0.62 | 0.24 | 0.06 |
| The household owns livestock | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 1.27 (0.98–1.64) | 0.70 (0.51–0.96) | 0.88 (0.65–1.20) |
| P | 0.60 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.43 |
| Garbage in a trash dump outside the household | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 1.44 (0.84–2.45) | 1.13 (0.69–1.86) | 1.94 (0.98–3.87) | 0.83 (0.51–1.36) |
| P | 0.18 | 0.62 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
| Region | ||||
| Mopti | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sikasso | 1.4 (0.91–1.69) | 1.46 (1.08–1.97) | 0.64 (0.45–0.90) | 1.37 (0.96–1.96) |
| P | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| Number of children alive | ||||
| 1–2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 3–4 | 0.88 (0.66–1.17) | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) | 1.03 (0.74–1.45) |
| 5+ | 0.94 (0.71–1.25) | 0.90 (0.68–1.18) | 1.02 (0.73–1.43) | 1.43 (1.03–1.97) |
| P trend | 0.69 | 0.13 | 0.89 | 0.03 |
| Age class of children (months) | ||||
| 6–11 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 12–17 | 1.34 (1.02–1.77) | 2.00 (1.50–2.66) | 1.37 (1.00–1.87) | 0.78 (0.58–1.06) |
| 18–24 | 1.20 (0.87–1.66) | 3.61 (2.63–4.95) | 0.64 (0.41–0.99) | 0.37 (0.24–0.57) |
| P trend | 0.19 | 0.001 | 0.10 | 0.001 |
| Sex of child | ||||
| Girl | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Boy | 1.78 (1.40–2.25) | 1.73 (1.37–2.17) | 1.46 (1.10–1.94) | 0.71 (0.55–0.94) |
| P | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.015 |
| Child born at term | ||||
| < 37 weeks | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≥ 37 weeks | 0.77 (0.51–1.15) | 1.32 (0.84–2.08) | 0.74 (0.47–1.15) | 0.62 (0.40–0.95) |
| P | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.03 |
| The child is still breastfed | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 1.02 (0.68–1.53) | 1.13 (0.78–1.63) | 0.92 (0.54–1.58) | 0.74 (0.45–1.23) |
| P | 0.93 | 0.53 | 0.76 | 0.24 |
| Deworming therapy during the last 6 months | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 0.82 (0.64–1.05) | 0.88 (0.64–1.21) | 0.90 (0.67–1.22) |
| P | 0.42 | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.054 |
| Diarrhea during the past 2 weeks | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 0.88 (0.66–1.18) | 0.64 (0.49–0.85) | 0.83 (0.59–1.15) | 0.84 (0.61–1.15) |
| P | 0.40 | 0.002 | 0.26 | 0.27 |
Each model was further adjusted for the presence or absence of fever or coughs during the past two weeks, and the educational level of mothers
Data are odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals
The significance level was set at 0.05 for all the tests