Table 4.
Odds Ratio from multilevel generalized linear regression to stunting status of children in Bangladesh, BDHS-2014
| Variable | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3 c | |
| Age in months | |||
| < 6 (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 6–11 | 1.94 (1.27–2.97) | 1.89 (1.52–2.35) | 1.94 (1.27–2.96) |
| 12–23 | 5.08 (3.75–6.90) | 4.91 (3.82–6.32) | 5.09 (3.76–6.88) |
| 24–35 | 5.87 (4.15–8.28) | 5.72 (5.44–6.02) | 5.88 (4.16–8.31) |
| 36–47 | 6.71 (4.47–10.07) | 6.55 (5.96–7.20) | 6.71 (4.46–10.10) |
| 48–59 | 4.47 (3.07–6.51) | 4.40 (4.33–4.47) | 4.48 (3.08–6.53) |
| Sex of child | |||
| Male (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 0.89 (0.78–1.02) | 0.89 (0.85–0.93) | 0.89 (0.78–1.02) |
| Preceding birth interval (months) | |||
| First birth (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < 24 | 1.36 (1.11–1.67) | 1.47 (1.22–1.77) | 1.36 (1.11–1.67) |
| 24–47 | 1.15 (0.96–1.39) | 1.25 (1.14–1.38) | 1.16 (0.96–1.40) |
| 48+ | 0.88 (0.77–1.02) | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) |
| Age of mothers at 1st birth (years) | |||
| < 20 (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 20–30 | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) | 0.87 (0.76–0.98) |
| 31 + | 0.88 (0.48–1.59) | 0.90 (0.53–1.53) | 0.87 (0.49–1.56) |
| Mother’s BMI | |||
| Underweight (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Normal | 0.84 (0.77–0.93) | 0.83 (0.78–0.89) | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) |
| Overweight | 0.62 (0.51–0.76) | 0.60 (0.54–0.67) | 0.62 (0.51–0.76) |
| Obese | 0.65 (0.46–0.93) | 0.60 (0.49–0.73) | 0.65 (0.46–0.92) |
| Mother’s educational level | |||
| No education (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 0.93 (0.90–0.97) | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) |
| Secondary | 0.76 (0.60–0.96) | 0.71 (0.61–0.83) | 0.76 (0.61–0.96) |
| Higher | 0.71 (0.52–0.97) | 0.64 (0.39–1.03) | 0.71 (0.53–0.97) |
| Mother’s employment status | |||
| No (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.1 (0.99–1.24) | 1.03 (0.89–1.18) | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) |
| Father’s education level | |||
| No education (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | 0.85 (0.85–0.85) | 0.85 (0.75–0.97) |
| Secondary | 0.69 (0.58–0.82) | 0.68 (0.57–0.79) | 0.70 (0.59–0.82) |
| Higher | 0.61 (0.52–0.70) | 0.59 (0.51–0.68) | 0.61 (0.53–0.70) |
| Father’s occupation | |||
| Professional (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sales | 1.04 (0.86–1.25) | 1.02 (0.86–1.22) | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) |
| Agricultural – self employ | 1.06 (0.79–1.43) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.06 (0.79–1.42) |
| Agricultural - employ | 1.04 (0.79–1.37) | 1.02 (0.94–1.11) | 1.04 (0.79–1.36) |
| Services | 1.22 (0.98–1.53) | 1.24 (0.93–1.66) | 1.22 (0.97–1.52) |
| Skilled manual | 1.1 (0.82–1.46) | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 1.09 (0.82–1.45) |
| Household and domestic | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) | 0.72 (0.50–1.03) |
| Don’t work | 1.16 (0.55–2.43) | 1.23 (1.09–1.38) | 1.16 (0.55–2.43) |
| Wealth index | |||
| Poorest (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poorer | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) | 0.80 (0.78–0.82) | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) |
| Middle | 0.77 (0.70–0.84) | 0.78 (0.74–0.82) | 0.77 (0.69–0.85) |
| Richer | 0.63 (0.49–0.82) | 0.64 (0.41–1.00) | 0.62 (0.47–0.82) |
| Richest | 0.43 (0.32–0.57) | 0.45 (0.31–0.65) | 0.42 (0.31–0.57) |
| No. of observation | 6900 | 6900 | 6900 |
| AIC | 8191.249 | 8243.575 | 8190.982 |
| BIC | 8464.82 | 8517.146 | 8471.393 |
| Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) | |||
| Division | 0.0166945 | 0.0146549 | |
| Residence | 0.0004238 | 0.0187098 | |
| Median Odds Ratio (MOR) | |||
| Division | 1.252 | 1.234 | |
| Residence | 1.036 | 1.117 | |
| Random-effects Parameters Estimate (95% CI) | |||
| Residence | 0.04 (0.00–0.57) | 0.12 (0.04–0.33) | |
| Division | 0.24 (0.13–0.42) | 0.22 (0.11–0.44) | |
| P-value | < 0.001 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
RC stands for ‘reference category’
aModel 1: two level generalized linear regression considering division as second level hierarchical factor
bModel 2: two level generalized linear regression considering residential status as second level hierarchical factor
cModel 3: three level generalized linear regression considering residential status as third level and division as second level hierarchical factors