Table 2.

Estimated Increases in the Contents of Arsenic in Farmland Soils Fertilized by Animal Wastes from Swine and Poultry CAFOs in Different Provinces and Municipalities of China and the Corresponding Increases in the Contents of Arsenic in Rice Grown on These Farmlands in the Absence of the Ban on Phenylarsonic Feed Additives (Based on Food Animal Production in 2016 and Literature Results)

province	pigs farmeda (million)	Chickens farmeda (million)	area of farmlandsa (km2)	As in manure applied to farmlandsb (tonnes)	area of farmlands receiving manurec (km2)	increment in soil As contentd (mg/kg/year)	increment in As content of rice grown the impacted farmlandse (μg/kg/year)
Beijing	2.75	38.8	1514	18.0	303	0.229	9.15
Tianjin	3.75	79.1	4792	24.9	958	0.100	4.00
Hebei	34.3	607.7	87166	227	17433	0.050	2.00
Shanxi	7.49	96.4	37208	48.8	7442	0.025	1.01
Inner Mongolia	9.09	109.5	79219	59.1	15844	0.014	0.57
Liaoning	26.1	916.2	40641	180	8128	0.085	3.40
Jilin	16.2	415.6	56763	109	11353	0.037	1.48
Heilongjiang	18.4	214.5	124265	120	24853	0.019	0.74
Shanghai	1.71	17.1	2947	11.1	589	0.072	2.89
Jiangsu	28.5	714.6	76769	191	15354	0.048	1.92
Zhejiang	11.7	149.4	22744	76.2	4549	0.064	2.58
Anhui	28.7	781.5	88936	194	17787	0.042	1.68
Fujian	17.2	570.6	23273	118	4655	N/Af	N/Af
Jiangxi	31.0	506.6	55607	204	11121	0.071	2.82
Shandong	46.6	1878.3	109732	325	21946	0.057	2.28
Henan	60.0	934.2	144723	394	28945	0.052	2.09
Hubei	42.2	522.0	78435	275	15687	0.067	2.70
Hunan	59.2	426.7	87933	380	17587	0.083	3.33
Guangdong	35.3	973.9	48308	239	9662	0.095	3.80
Guangxi	32.8	822.4	61453	220	12291	0.069	2.76
Hainan	5.30	153.2	8233	35.9	1647	0.084	3.36
Chongqing	20.5	249.3	36007	133	7201	0.071	2.85
Sichuan	69.3	677.8	97286	448	19457	0.088	3.54
Guizhou	17.6	104.0	55968	113	11194	0.039	1.55
Yunnan	33.8	217.0	71645	216	14329	0.058	2.32
Tibet	0.18	1.7	2579	1.18	516	0.009	0.35
Shaanxi	11.4	52.8	42769	72.9	8554	0.033	1.31
Gansu	6.70	40.2	42538	42.9	8508	0.019	0.78
Qinghai	1.38	4.6	5613	8.79	1123	0.030	1.20
Ningxia	0.96	10.9	12752	6.24	2550	0.009	0.38
Xinjiang	4.71	86.5	58675	31.1	11735	0.010	0.41

Notes:

^aAll data for the year of 2016, which are obtained from the national data released by the National Bureau of Statistics of China (http://data.stats.gov.cn/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103).

^bThe amount of As in manure applied to farmlands is estimated based on following assumptions: (i) each pig emits 0.84 g of As over its lifespan due to the use of phenylarsonic feed additives in farming, while each chicken emits 0.04 g of As over its lifespan due to the use of phenylarsonic feed additives in farming;^45,72 and (ii) 75% of the swine manure and 60% of the chicken manure generated are spread on farmlands as organic fertilizers.⁷³

^cThe area of farmlands fertilized by animal manures is estimated as the 20% of total farmland area in each province.⁷⁴

^dThe increment of soil As content is estimated with the assumption that the As discharged with animal manure accumulates in the surface soil layer of 0–20 cm, and the bulk density of soil is 1300 kg/m³.

^eThe increment of As content in rice grown on the impacted farmlands is estimated using a soil-to-rice transfer factor of 0.04,⁶¹ with the assumption that all arsenic species discharged into soils are completely transformed to i-As

^fN/A: The use of phenylarsonic feed additives in swine and chicken farming was already banned in Fujian province in the 2010s.