Table 4.
Dietary intake and physical activity between eating frequency groupsa,b
| All Infrequent Eaters (n = 45) | All Frequent Eaters (n = 47) | p value | Male Infrequent Eaters (n = 24) | Male Frequent Eaters (n = 21) | p value | Female Infrequent Eaters (n = 21) | Female Frequent Eaters (n = 26) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eating occasions per dayc | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | ≤0.01 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | ≤0.01 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | ≤0.01 |
| Energy per eating occasion (kcal)c | 670.9 ± 254.2 | 494.6 ± 195.1 | ≤0.01 | 781.9 ± 286.2 | 639.2 ± 187.9 | 0.06 | 544.2 ± 127.6 | 377.8 ± 100.5 | ≤0.01 |
| Energy (kcal/day) c | 1714.8 ± 542.7 | 2159.5 ± 819.7 | ≤0.01 | 1992 ± 561.4 | 2750.1 ± 797.1 | ≤0.01 | 1397.6 ± 296.0 | 1682.5 ± 445.4 | 0.02 |
| Total fat (g/day) d | 70.0 ± 26.4 | 81.4 ± 35.0 | 0.04 | 81.5 ± 28.1 | 105.2 ± 30.9 | 0.02 | 56.7 ± 17.1 | 62.2 ± 25.3 | 0.85 |
| Total protein (g/day) d | 71.8 ± 25.9 | 93.2 ± 51.4 | ≤0.01 | 81.0 ± 27.4 | 105.2 ± 30.9 | ≤0.01 | 61.3 ± 19.8 | 65.6 ± 20.9 | 0.15 |
| Total carbohydrates (g/day) d | 202.2 ± 69.4 | 271.1 ± 102.6 | ≤0.01 | 236.0 ± 67.1 | 334.3 ± 115.3 | ≤0.01 | 163.5 ± 49.6 | 220.0 ± 51.6 | ≤0.01 |
| Total saturated fat (g/day) d | 21.1 ± 8.7 | 26.1 ± 13.1 | 0.02 | 24.8 ± 9.3 | 33.9 ± 13.4 | 0.02 | 17.1 ± 5.7 | 19.9 ± 9.0 | 0.64 |
| Total sugars (g/day) d | 77.8 ± 35.0 | 112.1 ± 60.9 | ≤0.01 | 88.2 ± 37.3 | 128.9 ± 80.3 | 0.10 | 65.9 ± 28.8 | 98.5 ± 35.4 | ≤0.01 |
| Added sugars (g/day) d | 60.7 ± 36.5 | 75.6 ± 52.9 | 0.14 | 70.6 ± 39.3 | 89.0 ± 68.9 | 0.75 | 49.4 ± 30.1 | 64.7 ± 33.0 | 0.14 |
| Dietary fiber (g/day) d | 13.5 ± 5.7 | 20.0 ± 7.8 | ≤0.01 | 15.4 ± 5.9 | 23.0 ± 9.1 | ≤0.01 | 11.4 ± 4.7 | 17.7 ± 5.7 | 0.02 |
| Insoluble fiber (g/day) d | 9.1 ± 4.3 | 13.5 ± 5.7 | ≤0.01 | 10.2 ± 4.6 | 15.6 ± 6.7 | ≤0.01 | 7.8 ± 3.7 | 11.8 ± 4.1 | 0.04 |
| Soluble fiber (g/day) d | 4.4 ± 1.6 | 6.4 ± 2.5 | ≤0.01 | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 7.2 ± 2.8 | ≤0.01 | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 5.7 ± 2.0 | 0.02 |
| Min per day in MVPA e | 63.5 ± 27.0 | 70.8 ± 26.8 | 0.29 | 68.0 ± 31.7 | 71.4 ± 27.2 | 0.72 | 58.5 ± 20.0 | 70.2 ± 27.0 | 0.15 |
| Percent wear time in MVPA (%)e | 8.3 ± 3.7 | 9.0 ± 3.1 | 0.50 | 9.0 ± 4.6 | 8.9 ± 2.6 | 0.95 | 7.7 ± 2.4 | 9.1 ± 3.5 | 0.17 |
| Min per day in LPAe | 96.8 ± 32.0 | 104.2 ± 32.7 | 0.16 | 94.4 ± 37.2 | 111.9 ± 34.5 | 0.16 | 99.5 ± 25.6 | 98.0 ± 30.3 | 0.75 |
| Percent wear time in LPA (%)e | 12.5 ± 3.5 | 13.3 ± 3.5 | 0.20 | 12.0 ± 3.9 | 14.1 ± 4.0 | 0.13 | 13.1 ± 3.0 | 12.5 ± 3.1 | 0.94 |
| Min per day in SEDe | 607.1 ± 95.8 | 606.5 ± 65.7 | 0.93 | 612.0 ± 108.0 | 607.8 ± 63.9 | 0.96 | 607.1 ± 95.8 | 606.5 ± 65.7 | 0.85 |
| Percent wear time in SED (%)e | 79.1 ± 4.8 | 77.7 ± 4.7 | 0.15 | 79.0 ± 5.6 | 77.0 ± 5.0 | 0.28 | 79.2 ± 3.8 | 78.3 ± 4.5 | 0.34 |
aData presented as mean ± SD
bLPA = Light Physical Activity, MVPA = Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity, SED = Sedentary Behavior, Min = Minutes
cT-test assessed differences in eating occasions per day, energy intake, and energy intake per eating occasion between groups
dMANCOVA analysis of dietary variables between Infrequent Eaters and Frequent Eaters. A priori covariates used for the combined data set were age and sex. The a priori covariate for males and females was age
eMANCOVA analysis of physical activity variables between Infrequent Eaters and Frequent Eaters. A priori covariates used for the combined data set were age and sex. When the sample was split by sex the a priori covariate was age