Fig 1. Flowchart of the study cohort.

*The food frequency questionnaire was introduced in 2002 (response rate 92%). †In the analysis including both pregnancy and childhood gluten intake, there were 62,900 participants with valid data (255 of these were type 1 diabetes cases). ‡Nine cases were excluded from the analyses due to having the outcome of type 1 diabetes prior to the exposure measurement at 18 months. MoBa, Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.