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. 2020 Feb 11;11(1):145–158. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1726593

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© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — IL-1β and TNF-α expression in macrophages after treatment with bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) and culture supernatants from antimicrobial-treated Acinetobacter baumannii. BMVs pretreated with polymyxin B (PMB) did not induce IL-1β (a) or TNF-α (b) expression. Supernatants from ceftazidime and imipenem-treated cultures induced similar levels of IL-1β (c) and TNF-α (d) expression, which were similar to that induced by untreated supernatant (LB). RAW264.7 macrophages treated with LPS plus ATP were used as a positive control, and IL-4 and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were used as negative controls. LB-BMV-PMB, CAZ-BMV-PMB, and IMP-BMV-PMB are BMVs pretreated with polymyxin B (25 μg/ml). Shown are the mean and SD of results from triplicate studies. * P < 0.05 between two compared groups.