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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Health Econ. 2019 May 13;66:71–90. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2019.05.003

Table 5:

Smoking Among Non-Smokers Prior to Pregnancy, Longitudinal, DD

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
All Urban/Suburban Rural Rural, White NH Rural, Black NH Rural, Hispanic Rural, Medicaid Rural, First Birth
Smoking 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 −0.001+ 0.000 0.000
Participation (0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.001) (0.003) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Obs 1,200,680 1,025,660 175,020 95,512 13,048 54,040 132,068 157,584
MLSA Law Mean 0.353 0.368 0.261 0.293 0.243 0.202 0.265 0.263
Dep. Var. Mean 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001
Adjusted R^2 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.002 0.001 0.001
# Clusters 1989 700 1289 1245 463 883 1244 1283
Alt. Cluster p-value 0.623 0.681 0.590 0.327 0.462 0.068 0.756 0.536
Alt. # Clusters 561 290 484 481 277 420 482 484
>=5 Cigarettes Daily 0.000 0.000 −0.000 0.000 0.000 −0.001+ 0.000 −0.000
(0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000)
Obs 1,200,680 1,025,660 175,020 95,512 13,048 54,040 132,068 157,584
MLSA Law Mean 0.353 0.368 0.261 0.293 0.243 0.202 0.265 0.263
Dep. Var. Mean 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001
Adjusted R^2 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 −0.003 0.001 0.000 0.001
# Clusters 1989 700 1289 1245 463 883 1244 1283
Alt. Cluster p-value 0.644 0.516 0.938 0.887 0.585 0.084 0.595 0.999
Alt. # Clusters 561 290 484 481 277 420 482 484
>=10 Cigarettes 0.000 0.000 −0.000 0.000 - −0.001 0.000 −0.000
Daily (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.001) (0.000) (0.000)
Obs 1,200,680 1,025,660 175,020 95,512 13,048 54,040 132,068 157,584
MLSA Law Mean 0.353 0.368 0.261 0.293 0.243 0.202 0.265 0.263
Dep. Var. Mean 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Adjusted R^2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 . 0.001 0.001 0.000
# Clusters 1989 700 1289 1245 463 883 1244 1283
Alt. Cluster p-value 0.974 0.865 0.684 0.984 . 0.147 0.919 0.749
Alt. # Clusters 561 290 484 481 277 420 482 484

Standard errors in parentheses

Population of women giving birth <18 years of age that were conceived between 1/1/2010 and 1/1/2016. We control for pregnancy fixed effects, trimester-by-year-by-month fixed effects, cigarette taxes, and cigarette and ENDS indoor air laws in bars, private workplaces, and restaurants. Standard errors are clustered at the level of county, and alternative p-values are provided for clustering at the level of health service area. – indicates convergence not achieved.

+

p < 0.1,

*

p < 0.05,

**

p < 0.01,

***

p < 0.001