Table 2.

Key features of the studies.

Study ID Country Overall design	Aim	Intervention name Target Population Facilitators	Intervention description	Context delivered, duration, frequency	Study design and methods	Study population	Results	Conclusion
Clarke et al. (27, 28) UK	To compare the influence of DA and PSN services to identify ways they contribute to well-being and resilience of people with dementia and family carers	1. DA 2. PSN People with dementia and Carers/FamiliesLay Health Workers	1. Signpost to other services and ongoing support. Lay Health Worker 2. Psychosocial Support in Alzheimer Society support groups and dementia cafes.	Community Ongoing	Mixed Methods Qualitative semi-structured Interviews Thematic analysis Well-being and QoL surveys using ASCOT and DEMQoL. Statistically analyzed.	People with dementia (n = 47) Early Dementia, family carers (n = 54), staff and stakeholders (n = 82).	Themes -Addressing the needs of the individual and community -Promoting independence. -Control and choice. -Getting a life back.	Public health models of healthcare provision. Should be used to promote resilience.
Newman et al. (29) and Windle et al. (30) UK	To evaluate the impact of visual arts enrichment activities on opportunities for resilience.	Visual arts enrichment activities people with dementia. Artists trained about dementia	Creative individual and collective activities	Care Home Weekly, 2 h for 3 months	Mixed Methods (only Qualitative data focused on resilience) Interviews baseline, post-intervention, and 3 months follow up with People with dementia, relatives, and Carers. Sessions Videoed Facilitator Structured notes.	People with dementia (n = 48) in care homes (n = 4) aged 70 to 99, CDR scale—n = 6 was 0.5 questionable; n = 18 1 mild; n = 8 2 moderate; n = 16 3 severe, care staff, family (n = 37)	Supported resilience through creative expression, increased communication, improved self-esteem and relationships with significant others.	Resilience can be supported by visual arts enrichment activities. The concept of respondent habitus may be useful.
Matchar et al. (31) USA	(Not explicitly stated)	Early-Stage and Beyond Community Post Memory Makers People with dementia and Family Carers Four Masters level Social Workers trained by Alzheimer's Association Early-Stage Group Facilitators Manual.	1. Lunch gatherings 2. Museum tours, activities, lunch 3. Support groups 4. Workshop for partners 5. Carer support groups 6. Lecture series for carers 7. Concerts, movies, education	Community 1. Monthly 2. Monthly 3. Monthly 4. 4 monthly every 1–2 years 5. Monthly 6. Quarterly 7. Random	Observational and Descriptively reported rather than using specific outcome measures.	Graduates from 16 Memory Makers support programme groups Family units (n = 1,799) with people early dementia (n = 166; aged 49–93) and their care givers (n = 178).	Resilience fostered through acceptance, disclosure, significant others, sense of purpose, routines, and familiar environments and memory aids, showing up/value of a support group, faith.	Resilience is of critical importance to people with dementia regarding acceptance of diagnosis and adaptation to it and there is limited work completed to date as to how resilience can be strengthened.
Matchar and Gwyther (32) USA	To explore the impact on resilience of an Alzheimer education and support group	Memory Makers program Structured Educational support group People with dementia and Family Carers 2 Masters level Social Workers trained by Alzheimer's Association Early-Stage Group Facilitators Manual.	Structured Educational support group; with carer-people with dementia 5–12 dyads. 75 min of discussion separately and then dyads together on different topics weekly.	Community 3 h weekly, for 8 weeks	Observational Descriptive Evidence from 4 groups. Open-ended evaluation surveys were emailed after intervention. Anecdotes from these combined with facilitator observations	People with early dementia and care partner dyads (n = 35) spouse 86% adult daughter 14%	People with dementia expressed gratitude for care partner, perceived small victories sustained their resilience. Groups shared coping strategies, expressed hope, humor, living the best lives they could, reciprocal caring.	Resilience benefits from sense of belonging to peer group.