Table 1.

CSC markers in PCCs/PGLs.

Marker	Subcellular location	Function	Expression in PCCs/PGLs (percentage of positive tumors)	References
OCT4	Nucleus and cytoplasm	Transcription factor Important for maintaining pluripotency, forms a complex with SOX2, regulates NANOG	+(0–100%)	(63–65)
NANOG	Nucleus	Transcription factor Important for maintaining pluripotency	–	(65)
SOX2	Nucleus	Transcription factor Expressed in the developing CNS Important for maintaining pluripotency, forms a complex with OCT4	+(12%)	(65)
SOX17	Nucleus	Transcription factor Regulates embryonic development	+(2%)	(65)
Nestin	Cytoplasm	Type VI intermediate filament Marker of neural stem/progenitor cells	+(3%)	(65–67)
CD90 (THY1)	Cell membrane	N-glycosylated, glycophosphatidylinositol anchored cell surface protein Marker of various stem cells	+(40%)	(65, 66)
CD117 (C-kit)	Cell membrane	Tyrosine-protein kinase acting as a receptor for c-kit ligand. Involved in growth and development of the cerebral cortex	+(3–14%)	(65, 66, 68, 69)
CD133 (Prominin-1)	Cell membrane	Cell surface glycoprotein Plays a role in cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis	±	(65, 66)
CD271 (NGFR)	Cell membrane	Nerve growth factor receptor Can mediate cell survival as well as cell death of neural cells	+(19%)	(65)
LIN28	Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm	RNA binding protein enhancing translation of IGF-2 Regulates self-renewal of stem cells	+(24%)	(65)
DLK1 (PREF1)	Cell membrane	Protein Delta Homolog 1, transmembrane protein belonging to the EGF-like homeotic protein family Plays a critical role in differentiation processes	+(19%)	(65, 66)