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. 2020 Mar 2;10:3859. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60847-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Temporal decrease in the norm-dH*(10) dt⁻¹ simulated according to UNSCEAR¹ using parameters obtained in Europe after the CNPP accident (black lines) and modeled in this study (colored lines). The gray area in the upper figure indicates the initial 60-day period. The simulation and model were applied to both the (a) unpaved- and (b) paved-dominant fields. This study simulated three cases of decrease in the norm-dH*(10) dt⁻¹: Case 1: decrease due to decay only (Simulation_Decay (solid line)); Case 2: decrease due to decay and radionuclide penetration into the ground (i.e., AF) (Simulation_AF (dotted line)); and Case 3: decrease due to decay, AF, and radionuclide washout (i.e., LF) (Simulation_Unpaved and Simulation_Paved (dashed line)).