Table 6.

4NQO induced combined with GEMMs for OSCC.

4NQO application and treatment period (/weeks)	Mouse strains	Conclusions	Ref.
50 μg/mL 4NQO in drinking water for 16 or 30 weeks	Ndrg2-deficient mice (Ndrg2+/− and Ndrg2−/− mice)	Tumors in Ndrg2-deficient mice were significantly developed faster and larger.	(82)
100 μg/mL 4NQO in drinking water for 8 weeks	Heterozygous p53 knockout mice (p53+/−)	Anti-PD-1 can prevent OSCC development and progression.	(89)
150 μg/mL 4NQO in drinking water for 18 weeks	Nlrp3−/− and Caspase1−/− mice	NLRP3 inflammasome promoted 5-FU resistance of OSCC in vivo.	(141)
100 μg/mL 4NQO in drinking water for 16 weeks	K14-EGFP-miR-211 transgenic mice tagged with GFP	MicroRNA-211 enhances the oncogenicity of carcinogen-induced oral carcinoma by repressing TCF12 and increasing antioxidant activity.	(199)
100 μg/mL 4NQO in drinking water for 16 weeks	K14-EGFP-miR-31 transgenic mice tagged with GFP	The transgenic mice had a higher susceptibility for 4NQO-induced oral and esophagus tumorigenesis.	(200)
50 or 200 μg/mL in drinking water for 28 weeks	CCL3−/− mice; CCR5−/− mice; CCR1−/− mice	SCC tumor formation is reduced in CCL3 and CCR5 deficient mice.	(201)
100 μg/mL 4NQO in drinking water for 16 weeks	Gal3−/− male mice	In Gal3+/+ mice, the Hh signaling pathway might play an essential role in tongue carcinoma development.	(202)
50 or 200 μg/mL 4NQO in drinking water for 28 weeks	ACKR2−/− mice	No differences in the SCC incidence comparing wide-type and ACKR2−/− treated mice.	(203)