Table 1.
CARPs with neuroprotective and other neuroactive properties.
| Peptide name | Peptide sequence | % Arginine | Net charge at pH 7 | Neuronal injury model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R6 and CARP 6-mers | RRRRRR-NH2, RRRRWW-NH2, rrrrrw-NH2, rrrrww-NH2, Ac-MCRRKR-NH2, Ac-LCRRKF-NH2, Ac-RRWWIR-NH2 |
33–100% | +4 to +6 | Excitotoxicity, pain | (1, 2) |
| SS-31, SS-20 | rDmtKF-NH2, FrFK-NH2 | 25% | +3 | Stroke, MPTP, SCI, AD, pain |
(3–7) |
| TAT, TAT-D | YGRKKRRQRRRG, ygrkkrrqrrrg | 50% | +8 | Excitotoxicity, stroke | (8–13) |
| Penetratin | RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK | 19% | +7 | Excitotoxicity | (12) |
| R7, C-R5, C-R7, C-r7 |
RRRRRRR-NH2, C-s-s-CRRRRR-NH2, C-s-s-CRRRRRRR-NH2, C-s-s-crrrrr-NH2 | 71–100% | +6 to +8 | Excitotoxicity | (14) |
| R8 to R15, R9D, R18, R18D, R22 |
RRRRRRRR to RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR, rrrrrrrrr-NH2, RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR, rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr, RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR |
100% | +6 to +22 | Excitotoxicity, stroke, HIE, TBI, AD | (12, 15–27) |
| BEN2540, BEN0540, BEN1079 |
Ac-WGCCGRSSRRRRTR-NH2, Ac-PFLKRVPACLRLRR-NH2, Ac-RCGRASRCRVRWMRRRRI-NH2 |
29–44% | +4.9 to +8.9 | Excitotoxicity | (15) |
| XIP, R9/X7/R9, NCXBP3 |
RRLLFYKYVYKRYRAGKQRG, RRRRRRRRRPGRVVGGRRRRRRRRR, RRERRRRSCAGCSRARGSCRSCRR-NH2 | 25–80% | +8 to +19 | Excitotoxicity | (15) |
| LMWP | VSRRRRRRGGRRRR | 71% | +10 | Excitotoxicity | (16) |
| R10W4D, R10W8, R12W8a, R12F8, R12Y8 |
wwrrrrrwwrrrrr-NH2, WWRRRWWRRRRWWRRRWW, WWRRRRWWRRRRWWRRRRWW, FFRRRRFFRRRRFFRRRRFF, YYRRRRYYRRRRYYRRRRYY | 55–71% | +11 to +12 | Excitotoxicity | (16) |
| D3, D3D3, RD2 | rprtrlhthrnr-NH2, rprtrlhthrnrrprtrlhthrnr-NH2, ptlhthnrrrrr-NH2 | 42% | +6.2 to +11.4 | AD | (28–30) |
| IDR-1018 | VRLIVAVRIWRR-NH2 | 33% | +5 | HIE | (31) |
| Hi1a | NECIRKWLSCVDRKNDCCEGLECYKRRHSFEVCVPIPGFCLVKWKQC DGRERDCCAGLECWKRSGNKSSVCAPIT |
9% | +3.3 | Stroke | (32) |
| APP96-110 | Ac-NWCKRGRQCKTHPH-NH2 | 14% | +4 | TBI | (33–35) |
| COG133 | Ac-LRVRLASHLRKLRKRLL-NH2 | 29% | +7.1 | Excitotoxicity, HIE, TBI, EAE, LPS, AD | (36–41) |
| COG1410 | Ac-ASAibLRKLAibKRLL-NH2 | 17% | +4 | Stroke, SAH, TBI, ICH, SCI | (24, 42–52) |
| CN-105 | Ac-VSRRR-NH2 | 60% | +3 | Stroke, TBI, ICH | (53–55) |
| PRARIY | PRARIY | 33% | +2 | Stroke, SCI | (56, 57) |
| Syn 1020 | Ac-RY(3-Cl)YRWR-NH2 | 50% | +3 | Pain | (58) |
At the N-terminus, Ac indicates acetyl and at the C-terminus NH2 indicates amide. Lower case single letter code indicates D-isoform of the amino acid. Aib, 2-Aminoisobutyric acid or 2-methylalanine; s-s, disulfide bond; Y(3-Cl), 3-chloro-L-tyrosine. AD, Alzheimer's disease; CARPs, cationic arginine-rich peptides; Dmt, 2′,6′-dimethyl-L-tyrosine; EAE, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; HIE, hypoxia-ischaemia encephalopathy; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; LMWP, Low molecular weight protamine; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MS, multiple sclerosis; PNI, peripheral nerve injury; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; SCI, spinal cord injury; stroke, ischaemic stroke; TBI, traumatic brain injury.