Table 3.
Endogenous CARPs with neuroprotective and cytoprotective properties.
| Peptide name | Peptide sequence | % Arginine | Net charge at pH 7 | Neural/cell injury model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apelin-13 | QRPRLSHKGPMPF | 15% | +3.1 | Excitotoxicity, stroke, TBI, ICH, SCI, pain | (163–176) |
| Apelin-17 | KFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF | 23% | +6.1 | ||
| Apelin-36 | LVQPRGSRNGPGPWQGGRRKFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF | 20% | +10.1 | ||
| Dynorphin A 1-13, | YGGFLRRIRPKLK, YGGFLRRIRPKLKWDNQ |
23% | +5 | Pain, stroke, LPS | (177–179) |
| Dynorphin A 1-17 | |||||
| PACAP38 | HSDGIFTDSYSRYRKQMAVKKYLAAVLGKRYKQRVKNK | 11% | +9.1 | Excitotoxicity, stroke, GCI, TBI, PD, pain | (180–185) |
| Ghrelin | GSSFLSPEHQRVQQRKESKKPPAKLQPR | 11% | +5.1 | Stroke, PD, AD, SAH, epilepsy, TBI, pain | (186–192) |
| Humanin | MAPRGFSCLLLLTSEIDLPVKRRA | 12% | +2 | Excitotoxicity, stroke, AD, SAH, HIE | (193–197) |
| PR-39 PR-11 |
RRRPRPPYLPRPRPPPFFPPRLPPRIPPGFPPRFPPRFP RRRPRPPYLPR | 25% 45+ |
+10 +5 |
Hypoxia, ischaemia/reperfusion, oxidative stress: endothelial cells, HeLa cells, myocardial infarction | (198–200) |
| Protamine | PRRRRSSSRPVRRRRRPRVSRRRRRRGGRRR | 66% | +21 | Excitotoxicity, stroke | (16) |
AD, Alzheimer's disease; GCI, global cerebral ischaemia; HIE, hypoxia-ischaemia encephalopathy; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; SCI, spinal cord injury; PD, Parkinson's disease; stroke, ischaemic stroke; TBI, traumatic brain injury.