Fig. 5.

ATP release is required for anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-induced NLRP3 activation. a, b ATP release from peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived macrophages was assessed after CD147 or ITGB1 knockdown or pretreatment with GRGDS (a), glibenclamide, or probenecid (b) before stimulation with ACPAs. **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, other groups vs. the group with only ACPA treatment. c, d After pretreatment with various inhibitors, PBMC-derived macrophages were stimulated with ACPAs. c Caspase1 (p20) and interleukin (IL)-1β (p17) levels in the supernatants were assessed by western blotting. d IL-1β production in the culture medium was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, other groups vs. the group with only ACPA treatment