Figure 6.

The PVE of the lSALs estimated in each environment. The x-axes indicate the eight planting environments and the y-axes indicate the percent of the variance explained. The violin plots denote the null-distribution of the percent of the variance explained (PVE) estimated from a permutation test with 200 resamplings. The width of each violin denotes the kernel density, the point and line in each violin denotes the mean value and the standard deviation. The black horizontal line located on the violin indicates the real PVE of the lSALs in the corresponding environments. As, Se, and Pb were excluded for their lSALs less than 2. The blanks denote the elemental concentrations were not measured in the corresponding environments. The labels above each violin denote the significance level if the real PVE was significantly higher than the null-distribution: “**” indicates a P value < 0.01, “*” indicates a P value < 0.05, blank indicates a P value > 0.05.