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. 2019 Dec 10;122(2):150–156. doi: 10.1038/s41416-019-0620-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Metabolism of glutamine. The amido group of glutamine is involved in relatively few reactions in addition to deamidation, some major examples are indicated. Transamination, for which only some representative reactions are shown, involves a number of 2-oxoacids that can be reversibly converted into the amino acid. Colours are used in both sets of reactions to indicate the enzyme (left) responsible for the reaction (right). On the left are the reactions that require, or evolve ammonia as part of the metabolism of glutamine to or from α-ketoglutarate. Abbreviations: αKG α-ketoglutarate, ALAT, alanine aminotransferase, ASNS, asparagine synthetase, BCAT, branched-chain aminotransferase, FGAM 5′-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamidine, FGAR 5′-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide, FGARAT FGAR amidotransferase, GFAT glutamine fructose 6-phosphate amidotransferase, Gln glutamine, GLS glutaminase, Glu glutamate, GPAT glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, GOT glutamic-oxaloacetic aminotransferase, GS glutamine synthetase, OAT ornithine aminotransferase, PRA 5′-phosphoribosyl-1-amine, PRPP 5′-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, PSAT phosphoserine aminotransferase.