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. 2020 Feb 25;10:1794. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01794

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Copyright © 2020 Kaler, Gillman, Beissinger and Purcell

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Quantile-quantile (QQ) plots of the eight models including Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), General Linear Model (GLM), Mixed Linear Model (MLM), Compressed MLM (CMLM), Enriched Compressed MLM (ECMLM), Settlement of MLM Under Progressively Exclusive Relationship (SUPER), Multiple Loci Mixed linear Model (MLMM), and Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification (FarmCPU) for three real traits including canopy wilting (A), carbon isotope ratio (B), and oxygen isotope ratio (C), and six simulated traits that varied in heritability (H) and quantitative trait loci (Q) including H = 20% and Q = 20 (H20_Q20) (D), H = 60% and Q = 20 (H60_Q20) (E), H = 80% and Q = 20 (H80_Q20) (F), H = 20% and Q = 40 (H20_Q40) (G), H = 60% and Q = 40 (H60_Q40) (H), and H = 80% and Q = 40 (H80_Q40) (I) in Soybean. The grey area represents the 95% concentration band.