Table 3.
Characteristics of included trials in the second and third analysis.
| Diagnosis | Medication (MED) | Chrono-therapy (CT) | Mean age (range or SD), years |
Primary outcome instrument |
Duration of treatment | TSD | TSD+MED | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | D | AS | n | D | AS | |||||||
| Benedetti et al. (26) Nondouble-blind, Nonrandomized controlled trial. |
Bipolar I (DSM-IV) | Lithium | TSD (3 cycles) | 48.2 ± 10.8, 48.3 ± 11.2 | HDRS- 21 | 3 months | 20 | 0 | NR | 20 | 0 | NR |
| Smeraldi et al (27) Double-blind, randomized controlled trial. |
Bipolar I (DSM-IV) HDRS > 18 | Pindolol | TSD (3 cycles) + Placebo |
44.9 ± 11.5, 51.6 ± 12 | HDRS- 21 | 6 months | 20 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| Benedetti et al. (28) Nondouble-blind, Nonrandomized controlled trial. |
Bipolar disorder, Major depressive episode (DSM-IV) | Lithium | TSD (3 cycles), SPA (3 cycles) | 44.6 ± 8.9, 51.9 ± 11.6 |
HDRS-21 | 3 months | 14 | 0 | NR | 16 | 0 | NR |
| Benedetti et al. (29) Double-blind, randomized controlled trial. |
Bipolar disorder, Major depressive episode (DSM-IV) | Amineptine | TSD (3 cycles) + Placebo | 45 ± 10.9, 51.1 ± 10.3 |
MADRS | 3 months | 14 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 1 | 0 |
| Colombo et al. (30) Nonrandomized controlled trial. |
Bipolar disorder, Major depressive episode (DSM-IV) | Lithium | TSD (3 cycles) + Light exposure (intensity: 150–2500 lx) | 45.4 ± 12.1, 46.4 ± 13.3 | VAS | 7 days | 69 | 4 | 4 | 49 | 3 | 3 |
CT, Chronotherapy; MED, Medication; SD, Standard deviation; DSM, Diagnostic and statistical manual; TSD, Total sleep deprivation; HDRS, Hamilton depression rating scale; SPA, Sleep phase advance; n, Sample size; D, Dropout; AS, Affective Switch.