Figure 1.

Diagram of a generic neurofeedback experiment with study design elements highlighted. (A) Functional MRI data is collected from a patient, focusing either on a single region of interest (ROI), multiple ROIs, or the whole brain. (B) Data from the subject is processed in real-time, usually employing standard neuroimaging software packages. Feedback is calculated, sometimes based on ROI signal change, correlation between several ROIs, or using a classification algorithm. This may require an offline fMRI scan prior to neurofeedback training to establish baseline activity or to train the classifier. (C) The feedback value is transformed and given to the patient in the scanner, often via a continuous visual graph displayed on a screen. (A) This allows the participant to react and change their neural response, starting the feedback cycle over.