Table 3.
Reports of metastases of hematologic malignancies to the thyroid gland associated with thyroiditis and hyperthyroidism.
| Article Number | Author, Year | Number of patients | Patient Age (years)/Gender (M/F) | Malignancy (Newly diagnosed [new] or known pre-existing [known]) | Hyperthyroidism work-up | Cytology/pathology, and follow up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Shimaoka, 1976 (also Shimaoka, 1980) | 1 | 40F | Lymphocytic lymphoma (known) | Diffuse thyroid enlargement, TFTs showing hyperthyroidism, I-131 uptake < 0.6%, negative thyroid antibodies | Became hypothyroid after radiation therapy |
| 2 | Compagno, 1980 | 1 | ? | Malignant lymphoma or other lymphoproliferative disorder (?) | Rapidly enlarging neck mass, hyperthyroid, hyperthyroid patient not described separately from other cases | Hyperthyroid patient not described separately from other cases |
| 3 | Gochu, 1994 | 1 | 35M | Lymphoma (known) | Goiter, hyperthyroidism, TSH 0–0.07, low uptake on I-123 scan | Open biopsy of thyroid showed lymphoma. Chemotherapy caused remission of goiter and euthyroidism. Patient then became hypothyroid. Patient expired of other complications. |
| 4 | Samuels, 1998 | 1 | 31F | Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (known) | Acute neck swelling and pain, severe hyperthyroidism, negative thyroid antibodies, neck CT showing diffusely decreased attenuation throughout thyroid | Patient deceased and autopsy showed anaplastic large cell lymphoma with destruction of normal thyroid tissue |
| 5 | Glasspool, 2001 | 1 | 37F | B cell lymphoma (new) | Presented with hyperthyroid, negative thyroid antibodies, iodine uptake absent in thyroid | Became hypothyroid with chemotherapy. Presented with recurrence, goiter, and recurrent hyperthyroidism. Returned to euthyroidism with second therapy |
| 6 | Choudhary, 2014 | 1 | 60M | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (known) | Painful asymmetric neck swelling, very high thyroid hormone levels, elevated thyroglobulin | Imaging suggested lymphomatous nodules throughout the lungs, spleen, liver, kidney and thyroid gland. Patient deceased due to multiple complications including thyroid storm |
| 7 | McCarthy, 2016 | 1 | 61F | B cell lymphoma (new) | Neck swelling, TFTs showing hyperthyroidism, CT showed diffuse goiter, thyroid antibodies negative | Thyroid function normalized after chemotherapy. Patient in remission |
Abbreviations: TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone, TFTs = thyroid function tests, I-123 = iodine I-123, I-125 = iodine I-125, I-131 = iodine-131.