Table 1.
The characteristics of the 212 patients with gastrointestinal perforation and univariate analysis for postoperative sepsis
| Clinical variables | Enrolled patients (n = 212) |
Univariate analysis |
||
| Postoperative sepsis group (n = 48) | Non-postoperative sepsis group (n = 164) | P value | ||
| Age, (yr; mean ± SD) | 62.98 ± 15.65 | 72.58 ± 14.89 | 60.17 ± 14.77 | < 0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 51 (24.06) | 16 (33.33) | 35 (21.34) | 0.123 |
| BMI (kg/m2; mean ± SD) | 22.40 ± 2.95 | 22.10 ± 2.67 | 22.48 ± 3.02 | 0.441 |
| Temperature [°C, mean (IQR)] | 36.75 (36.50-37.00) | 36.80 (36.63-38.80) | 36.65 (36.50-37.00) | 0.001 |
| Heart rate [beats/min, mean (IQR)] | 80 (77-88) | 87 (80-99) | 80 (78-84) | < 0.001 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg; mean ± SD) | 90.75 ± 13.80 | 84.97 ± 12.11 | 92.45 ± 13.84 | 0.001 |
| Breathing rate [times/min, mean (IQR)] | 20 (19-21) | 20 (20-22) | 20 (10-21) | 0.12 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L, mean ± SD) | 135.33 ± 19.85 | 130.73 ± 19.32 | 136.67 ± 19.86 | 0.068 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L, mean ± SD) | 84.38 ± 49.89 | 106.38 ± 79.37 | 77.94 ± 40.12 | < 0.001 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L, mean ± SD) | 15.99 ± 12.36 | 13.75 ± 6.48 | 16.65 ± 13.56 | 0.152 |
| White blood cells (× 109/L) [mean (IQR)] | 10.74 (7.20-15.00) | 7.50 (4.48-13.21) | 11.42 (7.83-15.20) | 0.003 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L, mean ± SD) | 128.67 ± 77.42 | 157.08 ± 77.26 | 120.35 ± 75.70 | 0.004 |
| Preoperative ASA score [mean (IQR)] | 2 (1-3) | 3 (2-4) | 2 (1-2) | < 0.001 |
| Ascites, n (%) | 156 (73.58) | 48 (100) | 108 (65.85) | < 0.001 |
| Diameter of perforation, (mm, mean ± SD) | 12.69 ± 10.63 | 15.93 ± 10.11 | 11.75 ± 10.61 | 0.015 |
| Time interval from abdominal pain to emergency surgery (h, mean ± SD) | 23.49 ± 35.63 | 42.21 ± 44.62 | 18.01 ± 30.59 | 0.001 |
| Operation duration, [h, mean (IQR)] | 2 (1.5-2.5) | 2 (15-3) | 2 (1.3-2) | 0.061 |
| Anatomy of GIP, n (%) | ||||
| Stomach | 118 (55.66) | 12 (25) | 106 (64.63) | 0.001 |
| Duodenum | 33 (15.57) | 10 (20.83) | 23 (14.02) | 0.262 |
| Jejunum/Ileum | 19 (8.96) | 6 (12.5) | 13 (7.93) | 0.388 |
| Colon | 42 (19.81) | 16 (33.33) | 26 (20.12) | 0.008 |
| Etiology, n (%) | ||||
| Trauma | 80 (37.74) | 18 (37.5) | 62 (37.80) | 1.000 |
| Malignant tumor | 30 (14.15) | 14 (29.17) | 16 (9.76) | 0.002 |
| Benign ulcer | 102 (48.11) | 16 (33.33) | 86 (52.44) | 0.220 |
| Surgical procedure, n (%) | ||||
| Repair | 169 (79.71) | 30 (62.5) | 139 (84.76) | 0.002 |
| Repair + Ostomy1 | 11 (5.19) | 3 (6.25) | 8 (4.88) | 0.751 |
| Resection and anastomosis2 | 6 (2.83) | 2 (4.17) | 4 (2.44) | 0.623 |
| Resection + ostomy3 | 12 (5.66) | 4 (8.33) | 8 (4.88) | 0.451 |
| Digestive tract reconstruction4 | 14 (6.60) | 9 (18.75) | 5 (3.05) | 0.001 |
| Laparoscopic surgery, n (%) | 71 (33.50) | 19 (39.58) | 52 (31.71) | 0.385 |
| Co-morbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 33 (15.57) | 6 (12.5) | 27 (16.46) | 0.652 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 19 (8.96) | 7 (14.58) | 12 (7.32) | 0.149 |
| Coronary disease | 27 (12.74) | 6 (12.5) | 21 (12.81) | 1.000 |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 48 (23.11) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Eleven patients received a repair + ostomy (colon repair + enterostomy), due to trauma-related colonic perforation.
Two patients with a jejunal/ileal perforation, and 4 with a gastric tumor received tumor resection.
Twelve patients with a colonic malignant perforation received resection + ostomy (9 patients with partial colectomy + colostomy, 3 patients with colectomy and anastomosis + enterostomy).
Fourteen patients received a subtotal gastrectomy + gastrojejunostomy, due to gastric cancer. ASA score: American Society of Anesthesiologists score; BMI: Body mass index; GIP: Gastrointestinal perforation; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range. P < 0.001, vs the non-postoperative sepsis group.