Age-related differences in isoproterenol response. A: isoproterenol (Iso) significantly increased the coronary flow rate in isolated adult hearts, compared with baseline, but not juvenile hearts. B: example traces of coronary flow rate across time. C and D: isoproterenol increased heart rate in vivo and ex vivo, in both age groups, relative to baseline. E–G: isoproterenol shortened cardiac electrophysiology parameters in isolated juvenile hearts but had minimal effects on adult cardiac electrophysiology. WBCL, Wenckebach cycle length; VERP, ventricular effective refractory period; AVNERP, atrioventricular nodal refractory period. Data are means ± SD; n ≥ 3 animals per age. *P < 0.05.