Fig. 3.

Inhibition of activin type II receptor (ACTRII)/TGFβ receptor (TGFBR) promotes hypertrophic cardiac signaling. A: cardiac mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in sham and mice with myocardial infarction (MI) mice treated with vehicle, Myo-Fc, or a combination of follistatin and a TGFβ receptor inhibitor (Fol + TGFi); n = 5 mice/group. B–D: cardiac protein levels of IGF-1 (B), total and phosphorylated (P) Akt (C), and total and phosphorylated MAPK p38 (D); n ≥ 8 mice/group. *P < 0.05 by 2-way ANOVA. E: schematic representation of IGF-1/myostatin (MSTN) regulation.