Table 4.

Management

A. Correlation between management actions and their effectivenessa
Management	Self‐inflicted harmb	Harm/damage to other people/objects	Harm to communication taking place	Harm to an activity taking place
Moving object/patient	0.45	0.37		0.08
Distraction	0.26		0.20	0.28
Irony	0.05	−0.06	0.43	0.17
Physical containment	0.32	0.03		0.16
Verbal reassurance	−0.17	0.09	0.09	0.13
Asking/receiving help				−0.10
Ignoring LNB	−0.46	−0.39	0.14	−0.30
Scolding	−0.24	−0.54	−0.38	−0.16

B. Caregiver's mood during managementc
Caregiver's mood	Interrupts	Does not interrupt	Total of LNBs
Upset	29%d	71%	27%
Calm	52%	48%	73%

^aManagement effectiveness in interrupting or preventing the LNB repetition. For each harm category positive values represent efficacious management; values close to 0 indicate lack of effectiveness, and negative values represent counterproductive effect of the management.

^bRemoval of the object from patient's reach is the most efficacious strategy in case of Self‐Inflicted harm and harm to other/objects, while distraction and irony are the most efficacious ones in case of harm to communication and activity in progress. Ignoring the LNB and scolding, instead, almost always seriously worsen the self‐harming behavior.

^cCalmness is preferable, but not sufficient to prevent the LNB.

^dThe percentages are calculated on the total number of LNBs observed.