Table 1. Selected proton beam therapy studies for hepatocellular carcinoma.
| Institution (year) | Patient number | % CP A/B/C | Median tumor size (cm) | % multiple tumors treated | % PVTT | Median dose (GyE)/# fractions | Median follow up (months) | Local control | Overall survival | Acute grade 3+ toxicity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chiba [2005] (32) | 30 | 67/33/0 | 4.5 | NR | 40 | 76/20 | NR | 2-year 96% | 2-year 66% | NR |
| University of Tsukuba [2005] (28) | 162 | 55/38/6 | 3.8 | 52 | 6 | 72/16 | 31.7 | 3-year 90%; 5-year 86.9% | 3-year 45%; 5-year 23.5% | 0% |
| University of Tsukuba [2011] (23) | 22 | 50/50/0 | 11 | 18 | 50 | 72.6/22 | 13.4 | 2-year 87% | 2-year 64% | 0% |
| Hyogo Ion Beam Medical center [2011] (33) | 242 | 76/23/1 | <5 cm: 71% 5–10 cm: 23% >10 cm: 6% |
12 | 26 | 52.8–84/4–38 | 31 | 5-year 90% | 5-year 38% | 0% |
| University of Tsukuba [2011] (29) | 266 | 76/23/1 | 3.4 | 53 | NR | 66/10: 39%; 72.6/22: 36%; 77/35: 23% | NR | 3-year 87%; 5-year 81% | 3-year 61%; 5-year 48% | <1% |
| Loma Linda [2011] (34) | 76 | 29/47/24 | 5.5 | 15 | 5 | 63/15 | NR | 80% | median 36 months | 0% |
| National Cancer Center Korea [2014] (35) | 27 | 66.7/33.3/0 | 7 | NR | 100 | 55/20–22 | 13.2 | 2-year 62% | 2-year 33.3% | 0% |
| MGH/MDACC/UPenn [2015] (36) | 44 | 80/16/0 | 5 | 21.5 | 29 | 67.5/15, 58.05/15 | NR | 2-year 94.8% | 2-year 63.2% | 4.8% |
| University of Tsukuba [2017] (30) | 129 (previously untreated) | 78/22/0 | 3.9 | 26 | 12 | 66/10: 42%; 72.6/22: 35%; 77/35: 23% | 55 | 5-year: BCLC A 69%; BCLC B 66%; BCLC C 25% | 5-year: BCLC A 94%; BCLC B 87%; BCLC C 75% | 0% |
| MDACC [2019] (37) | 46 | 83/17/0 | 6.0 | 22 | 20 | 67.5/15: 41%; 58/15: 15%; 66/20: 11%; other: 33% | 14.5 | 2-year 81% | 2-year 62% | 13% |
CP, Child-Pugh; PVTT, portal vein tumor thrombus; NR, not reported; MGH, Massachusetts General Hospital; MDACC, MD Anderson Cancer Center; UPenn, University of Pennsylvania; BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer.