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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2019 Dec 16;51:12–18. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.12.001

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Cell-cell communication between lung cell types in response to pulmonary toxicants. Exposure to cigarette smoke, ozone, hyperoxia, acid, and LPS stimulates (+) or inhibits (−) the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory macrophages, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells in the lung. The EVs transport cargo (e.g., proteins, miRNAs) to recipient cells thereby influencing their function through uni- and bidirectional paracrine and autocrine signaling mechanisms.