Table 2.
Covariate relationships with PTSD*OAU, veterans age 30–70 years, free of CVD and OAU for 12 months prior to index (n=2,861)
| Variable, n(%) or mean (±sd) | None(n=984) | PTSD only(n=942) | OAU only (n=304) | PTSD+OAU(n=631) | p-value | max |SMD%|‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (±sd) (years) | 50.5 (±11.0) | 48.0 (±11.4) | 50.4 (±10.3) | 47.4 (±10.6) | <.0001 | 28.8% |
| Male gender, n(%) | 821 (83.4) | 832 (88.3) | 273 (89.8) | 526 (83.4) | .001 | 19.0% |
| Race, n(%) | ||||||
| White | 557 (56.6) | 532 (56.5) | 207 (68.1) | 371 (58.8) | 24.1% | |
| Black | 193 (19.6) | 293 (31.1) | 66 (21.7) | 197 (31.2) | <.0001 | 26.9% |
| Other | 81 (8.2) | 74 (7.9) | 17 (5.6) | 50 (7.9) | 10.4% | |
| Missing | 153 (15.6) | 43 (4.6) | 14 (4.6) | 13 (2.1) | 49.0% | |
| Marital status, n(%) | ||||||
| Not married | 389 (39.5) | 426 (45.2) | 176 (57.9) | 351 (55.6) | 37.4% | |
| Married | 482 (49.0) | 514 (54.6) | 128 (42.1) | 279 (44.2) | <.0001§ | 25.1% |
| Missing | 113 (11.5) | < 5 | 0 (0.0) | < 5 | 50.9% | |
| VHA only insurance, n(%) | 621 (63.1) | 504 (53.5) | 215 (70.7) | 376 (59.6) | <.0001 | 36.1% |
| High primary HCU, n(%) | 108 (11.0) | 182 (19.3) | 77 (25.3) | 233 (36.9) | <.0001 | 63.8% |
| Comorbidities* | ||||||
| Arthritis, n(%) | 387 (39.3) | 633 (67.2) | 171 (56.3) | 457 (72.4) | <.0001 | 70.7% |
| Back pain, n(%) | 315 (32.0) | 554 (58.8) | 134 (44.1) | 409 (64.8) | <.0001 | 69.5% |
| Musculoskeletal pain, n(%) | 267 (27.1) | 405 (43.0) | 99 (32.6) | 310 (49.1) | <.0001 | 46.5% |
| Headache pain, n(%) | 73 (7.4) | 269 (28.6) | 43 (14.1) | 192 (30.4) | <.0001 | 61.4% |
| Neuropathy, n(%) | 93 (9.5) | 171 (18.2) | 36 (11.8) | 112 (17.8) | <.0001 | 25.4% |
| Depression, n(%) | 117 (11.9) | 630 (66.9) | 49 (16.1) | 434 (68.8) | <.0001 | 142.3% |
| Other anxiety, n(%) | 62 (6.3) | 254 (27.0) | 26 (8.6) | 155 (24.6) | <.0001 | 57.8% |
| Sleep disorder, n(%) | 210 (21.3) | 536 (56.9) | 63 (20.7) | 297 (47.1) | <.0001 | 79.9% |
| Alcohol abuse/dependence, n(%) | 107 (10.9) | 360 (38.2) | 46 (15.1) | 254 (40.3) | <.0001 | 71.5% |
| Drug abuse/dependence, n(%) | 59 (6.0) | 198 (21.0) | 40 (13.2) | 165 (26.2) | <.0001 | 57.1% |
| Hypertension, n(%) | 397 (40.4) | 501 (53.2) | 139 (45.7) | 307 (48.7) | <.0001 | 25.9% |
| Hyperlipidemia, n(%) | 376 (38.2) | 527 (55.9) | 119 (39.1) | 323 (51.2) | <.0001 | 36.1% |
| Type 2 Diabetes | 133 (13.5) | 152 (16.1) | 30 (9.9) | 93 (14.7) | .045 | 18.7% |
| Obesity†, n(%) | 413 (42.0) | 539 (57.2) | 138 (45.4) | 381 (60.4) | <.0001 | 37.5% |
| Smoking, n(%) | ||||||
| Never | 530 (53.9) | 359 (38.1) | 128 (42.1) | 245 (38.8) | 32.0% | |
| Former | 151 (15.4) | 162 (17.2) | 46 (15.1) | 79 (12.5) | <.0001 | 13.2% |
| Current | 303 (30.8) | 421 (44.7) | 130 (42.8) | 307 (48.6) | 37.1% |
CVD=cardiovascular disease; PTSD=post-traumatic stress disorder; OAU=opioid analgesic use; SMD=standardized mean difference; FY=fiscal year; VHA= Veterans Health Affairs; HCU=healthcare utilization; BMI= Body Mass Index
*
Comorbidities occur prior to OAU, unless otherwise noted
†
BMI≥30 or ICD-9-CM code
‡
Maximum SMD% out of all possible group pairwise comparisons
§
Exact p-value