Table 1. Changes in the NMDA receptor subunits and scaffolding proteins after noncontingent and contingent cocaine administration in rodents.
| Behavioural Model and Neurochemical Measurement Time | Species | GLUN1 | GLUN2A | GLUN2B | GLUN3 | Refs. | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NONCONTINGENT COCAINE ADMINISTRATION | ||||||||||||||
| Acute | ||||||||||||||
| acute cocaine injection (20 mg/kg; i.p.) measurement: 16 h after injection |
Sprague Dawley rats | VTA- ϕ | VTA- ϕ | VTA- ϕ | No data. | [18] | ||||||||
| acute cocaine injection (20 mg/kg; i.p.) measurement: 1 h or 24 h after injection |
Sprague Dawley rats |
mRNA: cingulate cortex- ϕ parietal cortex- ϕ temporal cortex- ϕ CA1- ϕ CA2-3- ↑ (1h) striatum- ϕ dentate gyrus- ↑ (1h) thalamus- n.d. cerebellum- ϕ nucleus accumbens- ϕ ventral pallidum- ϕ subiculum- ϕ entorhinal cortex- ϕ |
mRNA: cingulate cortex- ϕ parietal cortex- ϕ temporal cortex- ϕ CA1- ϕ CA2-3- ϕ striatum- ϕ dentate gyrus- ϕ thalamus- n.d. cerebellum- ϕ nucleus accumbens- ϕ ventral pallidum- ϕ subiculum- ϕ entorhinal cortex- ϕ |
mRNA: cingulate cortex- ϕ parietal cortex- ϕ temporal cortex- ϕ CA1- ϕ CA2-3- ϕ striatum- ϕ dentate gyrus- ϕ thalamus- ϕ cerebellum- n.d. nucleus accumbens- ϕ ventral pallidum- n.d. subiculum- ϕ entorhinal cortex- ϕ |
No data. | [24] | ||||||||
| acute cocaine injection (15 mg/kg; i.p.) measurement: 15 min after injection |
Sabra rats | VTA- ↑ | VTA- ↑ | VTA- ↑ | No data. | [17] | ||||||||
| acute cocaine injection (10 mg/kg; i.p.) measurement: 40 min or 24 h after injection |
Sprague Dawley rats | VTA- ϕ nucleus accumbens- ϕ dorsal striatum- ϕ |
VTA- ϕ nucleus accumbens- ϕ dorsal striatum- ϕ |
VTA- ϕ nucleus accumbens- ϕ dorsal striatum- ϕ |
No data. | [19] | ||||||||
| Repeated | ||||||||||||||
| repeated cocaine injections (20 mg/kg; once a day; 7 days; i.p.) measurement: 16 h after last injection |
Sprague Dawley rats | VTA- ↑ | VTA- ϕ | VTA- ϕ | No data. | [18] | ||||||||
| repeated cocaine injections (15 mg/kg; twice daily; 14 days; i.p.) measurement: 16 h after last injection |
Sprague Dawley rats | VTA-↑ frontal-parietal cortex- ϕ medial prefrontal cortex- ϕ posterior cingulate cortex- ϕ striatum- ϕ nucleus accumbens- ϕ hippocampus- ϕ substantia nigra- ϕ |
VTA- ϕ | VTA- ϕ | No data. | [18] | ||||||||
|
Behavioural Model and Neurochemical
Measurement Time |
Species | GLUN1 | GLUN2A | GLUN2B | GLUN3 | Refs. | ||||||||
| NONCONTINGENT COCAINE ADMINISTRATION | ||||||||||||||
| Repeated | ||||||||||||||
| repeated cocaine injections (15 mg/kg; once a day; 5 days; i.p.) measurement: 24 h after last injection |
Sprague Dawley rats | nucleus accumbens shell- ↑ (surface and surface:total ratio) |
nucleus accumbens shell- ϕ | nucleus accumbens shell- ↑ (surface, total and surface:total ratio) (surface, total and surface:total ratio) |
No data. | [31] | ||||||||
| repeated cocaine injections (15 mg/kg; once a day; 5 days; i.p.) measurement: 24 h after last injection |
Sprague Dawley rats | No data. | nucleus accumbens shell- ϕ | nucleus accumbens shell- ↑ | No data. | [32] | ||||||||
| repeated cocaine injection (10 mg/kg; 7 days; i.p.) measurement: 40 min after last injection |
Sprague Dawley rats | VTA- ϕ nucleus accumbens- ϕ dorsal striatum- ϕ |
VTA- ϕ nucleus accumbens- ϕ dorsal striatum- ϕ |
VTA- ϕ nucleus accumbens- ϕ dorsal striatum- ϕ |
No data. | [19] | ||||||||
| Cocaine Sensitization | ||||||||||||||
| cocaine sensitization (1 day- 15 mg/kg; 2-6 days- 30 mg/kg; 7 day- 15 mg/kg; 21 day of withdrawal) measurement: 24 h or 3 weeks after last injection |
Sprague Dawley rats | VTA- ↑ (1 day but not at 3 weeks of withdrawal) | No data. | No data. | No data. | [26] | ||||||||
| cocaine sensitization (acute- saline (1-8 days) – cocaine (15 mg/kg) (29 day) repeated- cocaine (15-30 mg/kg) (1-8 days) – saline (29 day); cocaine (15-30 mg/kg) (1-8 days) – cocaine (15 mg/kg) (29 day)) measurement: 24 h after last injection |
Sprague Dawley rats |
mRNA: VTA- ↓ (acute and repeated) nucleus accumbens shell- ϕ nucleus accumbens core- ↓ (acute) dorsolateral striatum- ↓ (acute and repeated) prefrontal cortex- ϕ |
No data. | No data. | No data. | [20] | ||||||||
| cocaine sensitization (1 day- 7.5 mg/kg, s.c.; 2-5 days- 40 mg/kg, s.c.; 18 days of withdrawal; 7.5 mg/kg, s.c.) measurement: 1 h after last injection |
Sprague Dawley rats | No data. | No data. | prefrontal cortex- ϕ nucleus accumbens core- ϕ nucleus accumbens shell-↑ caudate- ϕ amygdala- ϕ |
No data. | [33] | ||||||||
| cocaine sensitization (1-2 days- handling; 3-7 days -20 mg/kg; once a days; i.p.; 8-12 days- resting; 14 day- priming dose- 10 mg/kg) measurement: 1 h after last injection |
C57BL/6J mice | prefrontal cortex- ↓ (vehicle-cocaine) | prefrontal cortex- ↓ (vehicle-cocaine); ↑ (cocaine-cocaine) | prefrontal cortex- ↓ (vehicle-cocaine) GLUN2C: prefrontal cortex- ↓ (vehicle-cocaine); ↑ (cocaine-vehicle; cocaine-cocaine) |
No data. | [21] | ||||||||
|
Behavioural Model and
Neurochemical Measurement Time |
Species | GLUN1 | GLUN2A | GLUN2B | GLUN3 | Refs. | ||||||||
| NONCONTINGENT COCAINE ADMINISTRATION | ||||||||||||||
| Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) | ||||||||||||||
| CPP (15 mg/kg; 7 days; i.p.; 14 days of withdrawal; cocaine 7.5 mg/kg) measurement: 1 h after last injection |
Sprague Dawley rats | nucleus accumbens- ϕ |
nucleus accumbens- ϕ | nucleus accumbens- ↓ | No data. | [30] | ||||||||
| CPP Fix-C- fixed daily dose of cocaine (4 days by 11.25 mg/kg) Esc-C- daily escalating doses of cocaine (3,6,12,24 mg/kg; 1 dose/day) measurement: 24 h after last injection |
C57BL/6J mice | hippocampus- ϕ | hippocampus- ϕ | hippocampus- ↑ Fix-C; ↑ Esc-C (protein) hippocampus- ↑ Esc-C (mRNA) |
No data. | [37] | ||||||||
| CONTINGENT COCAINE ADMINISTRATION | ||||||||||||||
| cocaine binge access (cocaine self-administration (0.5 mg/kg/infusion; 8-h/day; 14 days); cocaine binge- multiple 3h self-administration; 1h time outs; 6 days) measurement: 0 h after last session |
Sprague Dawley rats | VTA- ϕ substantia nigra- ↑ nucleus accumbens- ϕ striatum- ↑ prefrontal cortex- ϕ |
No data. | VTA- ϕ substantia nigra- ϕ nucleus accumbens- ϕ striatum- ↑ prefrontal cortex- ϕ |
3A: nucleus accumbens- ϕ striatum- ↑ prefrontal cortex- ϕ 3B: nucleus accumbens- ϕ striatum- ↑ prefrontal cortex- ϕ |
[49] | ||||||||
| cocaine self-administration (0.5 mg/kg/infusion; 8-h/day; 15 days) measurement: 16 h after last session |
Sprague Dawley rats | VTA- ↓SA nucleus accumbens- ϕ medial prefrontal cortex- ↑SA substantia nigra- ϕ dorsal caudate-putamen- ↑SA |
VTA- ϕ nucleus accumbens- ϕ medial prefrontal cortex- ϕ substantia nigra- ϕ dorsal caudate-putamen- ↑SA |
nucleus accumbens- ϕ medial prefrontal cortex- ϕ dorsal caudate-putamen- ↑SA |
GLUN3A and 3B: nucleus accumbens- ϕ medial prefrontal cortex- ϕ dorsal caudate-putamen- ϕ |
[48] | ||||||||
| cocaine self-administration (0.5 mg/kg/infusion; 2-h/day; 14 days) measurement: 0 h after last session |
Wistar rats | hippocampus- ϕ (homogenate); ↑YC, ↑SA (post-synaptic density) | hippocampus- ϕ (homogenate); ↑YC, ↑SA (post-synaptic density) | hippocampus- ϕ (homogenate); ↑YC, ↑SA (post-synaptic density) | No data. | [39] | ||||||||
|
SCAFFOLDING PROTEINS: SAP102: hippocampus- ↑YC (homogenate); ↑YC, ↑SA (post-synaptic density) SAP97: hippocampus- ϕ (homogenate); ↑YC, ↑SA (post-synaptic density) PSD95: hippocampus- ϕ (homogenate); ϕ (post-synaptic density) | ||||||||||||||
| cocaine self-administration (0.5 mg/kg/infusion; 2-h/day; 16 days) measurement: 0 h after last session |
Wistar rats | prefrontal cortex- ϕ hippocampus- ↑SA dorsal striatum- ↓YC nucleus accumbens- ϕ |
prefrontal cortex- ϕ hippocampus- ϕ dorsal striatum- ↑SA nucleus accumbens- ϕ |
prefrontal cortex- ϕ hippocampus- ϕ dorsal striatum- ϕ nucleus accumbens- ϕ |
No data. | [3] | ||||||||
Abbreviations: ϕ- no changes; ↑- increase; ↓- decrease; h- hour; i.p.- intraperitoneal; i.v.- intravenous; SA- self-administered group; s.c.- subcutaneous; YC- “yoked” cocaine group; VTA- ventral tegmental area.