Table 4. PON1 activity in first episode psychosis (FEP) and schizophrenia (SCZ).

Subjects	N		Genotyped for PON1?		PON1 Activity Substrate		Exclusion Criteria		Statistical Adjustment of the Data		Results		Refs.
16-40 years, FEP	CON: 61 Cases: 51		No		PA		Prior use of AP, acute intoxication, psychotic episodes due to a general medical condition or drug abuse, intellectual disability, immune-inflammatory disorders, pregnancy, postpartum period, use of antioxidants or immunoregulatory drugs		Age, sex, BMI, smoking, education, income		↓ AREase		[11] [50]
Adults, FEP	CON: 25 Cases: 29		No		PO PA		Mental retardation, neurological disorders, history of head trauma, other concomitant illnesses, use of anti-inflammatory drugs, pregnancy, breast-feeding		NI		Unaltered POase ↓ AREase		[51]
Adults, SCZ, chronically treated	CON: 118 Cases: 125		No		PA		Immune-inflammatory disorders, pregnancy, postpartum period, use of immunoregulatory drugs		Age, sex, use of AP, income, smoking		Unaltered AREase		[12]
Adults, males, SCZ, chronically treated	CON: 30 Cases: 30		No		PO PA		Comorbid axis I DSM-IV condition, history of alcohol or substance abuse; use of antioxidants in the previous year; concomitant or past SD; inability to provide informed consent		NI		Unaltered POase Unaltered AREase		[53]
Adults, SCZ, chronically treated	CON: 61 Cases: 64		No		PO		Substance abuse, hypertension, heart disease, DM, hepatic or renal failure, active or chronic immune-inflammatory diseases, heavy smoking (>15 cigarettes/ day), obesity, use of immune-inflammatory modulators or antioxidants		NI		Unaltered POase		[54]
Adults, SCZ, chronically treated	CON: 119 Cases: 140		No		PO		Other psychiatric illness, epilepsy, mental retardation, endocrinological or CV diseases		Age, sex, BMI, smoking and alcohol consumption		Unaltered POase		[55]
Adults, SCZ, chronically treated	CON: 43 Cases: 41		No		PO PA		Comorbid psychiatric or medical condition		NI		Unaltered POase Unaltered AREase (all patients X CON or patients taking typical AP X CON) ↑ AREase (patients taking atypical AP X CON)		[56]
Adults, SCZ treated with atypical AP	CON: 34 Cases: 60		Q192R L55M C-108T		PO PA		Genetic, metabolic or neurologic condition, acute or chronic inflammatory disease, use of long-term medication other than AP		Sex, age, treatment, polymorphisms		Unaltered POase (all patients X CON) ↓ POase (QQ patients taking olanzapine X CON) ↓ AREase		[57]
Adults, SCZ, treated with olanzapine or quetiapine for at least 1 year	CON: 32 Cases: 64		No		PO		History of alcohol or drug dependence; history of major medical illness; use of drug that might alter serum lipid or PON1; use of psychotropic drugs (except BZD); obesity; comorbid psychiatric disorder; mental retardation		NI		Unaltered POase (all patients X CON) ↓ POase (patients taking olanzapine X CON)		[58]
Subjects		N		Genotyped for PON1?		PON1 Activity Substrate		Exclusion Criteria		Statistical Adjustment of the Data		Results	Refs.
Adults, SCZ, chronically treated		CON: 292 Cases: 267		Q192R L55M		PO		Comorbid neurological disease, mental retardation, history of substance abuse		NI		↓ POase	[59]
Adults, SCZ, drug naïve or drug free for 3 weeks		CON: 35 Cases: 40		No		PO PA		Endocrine, metabolic or autoimmune disorders; use of depot AP in the previous 6 months; regular drinking; use of drugs that might affect the parameters of the study		NI		↓ POase ↓ AREase	[60]
Adults, SCZ, treated with clozapine or risperidone for at least 1 year		CON: 19 Cases: 66		No		PO PA DHC		Acute or chronic illness known to affect the immune, endocrine, or metabolic systems; use of chronic medications except for AP		Age, BMI		↑ POase ↑ AREase ↓ DHCase	[61]

Abbreviations: AP: antipsychotics; BMI: body mass index; CON: control group; CV: cardiovascular; DHC: dihydrocoumarin; DM: diabetes mellitus; NI: not informed; PA: phenyl acetate; PO: paraoxon; SD: systemic severe disease.