Table 3.
Analysis of measurement invariance
| Model | χ2(df) | Δχ2 | p | CFI | ΔCFI | GH | ΔGH |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender multi-group analysis (female / male) | |||||||
| Configural invariance | 248.92 (26) | .967 | .951 | ||||
| Metric invariance | 265.85 (31) | 16.93 | .342 | .965 | .002 | .949 | .002 |
| Scalar invariance | 278.93 (36) | 13.08 | < .001 | .964 | .001 | .947 | .002 |
| Strict invariance | 269.00 (43) | 9.93 | .248 | .967 | .003 | .951 | .004 |
| Age multi-group analysis (≤39, 40–59, ≥60) | |||||||
| Configural invariance | 250.44 (39) | .970 | .932 | ||||
| Metric invariance | 274.31 (49) | 23.87 | .008 | .968 | .002 | .927 | .005 |
| Scalar invariance | 409.34 (59) | 135.03 | < .001 | .950 | .018 | .891 | .036 |
| Partial scalar invariance a | 298.23 (53) | 23.92 | < .001 | .965 | .003 | .922 | .005 |
| Partial strict invariance a | 294.17 (67) | 4.06 | .852 | .967 | .002 | .927 | .005 |
| Education multi-group analysis (≥ 9 years, 10 years, ≤ 11 years) | |||||||
| Configural invariance | 249.921 (39) | .973 | .976 | ||||
| Metric invariance | 272.582 (49) | 22.661 | .012 | .973 | .000 | .974 | .002 |
| Scalar invariance | 335.692 (59) | 63.110 | < .001 | .967 | .006 | .968 | .006 |
| Strict invariance | 332.419 (73) | 3.273 | .998 | .967 | .000 | .970 | .002 |
| Family status multi-group analysis (married, single, divorced, widowed) | |||||||
| Configural invariance | 241.489 (52) | .973 | .976 | ||||
| Metric invariance | 288.811 (67) | 47.322 | < .001 | .972 | .001 | .973 | .003 |
| Scalar invariance | 378.669 (82) | 89.858 | < .001 | .965 | .007 | .964 | .009 |
| Strict invariance | 415.905 (103) | 37.236 | .016 | .960 | .005 | .962 | .002 |
| Employment status multi-group analysis (working, retired, school/apprenticeship, not working) | |||||||
| Configural invariance | 273.037 (52) | .974 | .975 | ||||
| Metric invariance | 306.536 (67) | 33.499 | .004 | .974 | .000 | .973 | .002 |
| Scalar invariance | 457.330 (82) | 150.794 | < .001 | .960 | .014 | .959 | .014 |
| Partial scalar invarianceb | 402.601 (79) | 96.065 | < .001 | .965 | .009 | .964 | .009 |
| Partial strict invarianceb | 422.636 (100) | 20.035 | .331 | .963 | .002 | .964 | .000 |
aIntercepts of Items 1, 2, and 4 were freed to vary between groups in these models
bThe intercept of Item 2 was freed to vary between groups in these models