Table 3.
Anthropometric characteristics, clinical outcomes, and biochemical parameters across three major dietary pattern tertiles
| Healthy dietary pattern | Western dietary pattern | Traditional dietary pattern | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | P | P¥ | T1 | T2 | T3 | P | P¥ | T1 | T2 | T3 | P | P¥ | |
| Age (years) | 68.4 (5.1) | 66.5 (6.1) | 66.1 (5.7) | 0.03 | 67.1 (5.6) | 67.3 (5.6) | 66.6 (5.5) | 0.72 | 67.4 (6.0) | 67.7 (6.2) | 66.0 (4.7) | 0.15 | |||
| Height (cm) | 156.5 (8.1) | 156.8 (7.2) | 155.3 (8.6) | 0.45 | 155.2 (8.0) | 155.6 (7.7) | 157.9 (8.1) | 0.07** | 153.9 (6.6) | 156.6 (8.1) | 158.1 (8.6) | 0.004* | |||
| Weight (kg) | 71.6 (10) | 72.9 (14.1) | 73.2 (11.6) | 0.70 | 69.8 (10.3) | 72.5 (12.6) | 75.4 (12.5) | 0.018 | 71.8 (11.5) | 71.7 (11.8) | 74.2 (126) | 0.37 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.4 (4.0) | 30.8 (5.4) | 28.9 (3.7) | 0.03 | 29.4 (4.5) | 30.5 (4.8) | 29.1 (4.1) | 0.19 | 29.5 (4.2) | 29.8 (4.6) | 29. (4.7) | 0.90 | |||
| WC (cm) | 99.2 (9.2) | 99.6 (12.8) | 98.7 (8.6) | 0.87 | 98.1 (10.1) | 99.5 (10.4) | 99.9 (10.6) | 0.51 | 99.1 (10.5) | 98.1 (10.8) | 100.3 (9.8) | 0.45 | |||
| SBP (mmHg) | 140.3 (22.3) | 145.4 (22.9) | 140.4 (20.5) | 0.27 | 143.3 (23.4) | 144.4 (21.3) | 138.4 (21) | 0.20 | 141.1 (20.9) | 143.9 (23.4) | 141.1 (21.7) | 0.67 | |||
| DBP (mmHg) | 82.6 (15.9) | 87.8 (16.2) | 83.5 (10.9) | 0.07** | 85.5 (16.7) | 85.7 (15.2) | 82.7 (11.6) | 0.36 | 82.8 (11.9) | 84.5 (15.5) | 86.6 (16.2) | 0.28 | |||
| Blood biochemical parameters between dietary pattern tertiles | |||||||||||||||
| TG (mmol/l) | 155.2 (73.6) | 174.1 (88.6) | 199.8 (96) | 0.007* | 0.016* | 171 (89.1) | 185.9 (87.1) | 172 (88.4) | 0.51 | 0.32 | 178.2 (80.4) | 177.5 (97.4) | 173.4 (86.6) | 0.93 | 0.81 |
| T-chol (mmo/l) | 200.6 (47.7) | 208.8 (52.9) | 201.6 (42.7) | 0.51 | 0.54 | 203.2 (47.5) | 211. (51.2) | 196.8 (44.4) | 0.19 | 0.51 | 206.4 (48.7) | 210.1 (50.4) | 194.6 (43.7) | 0.11 | 0.33 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 50.5 (12.7) | 50.9 (12.8) | 46.2 (13) | 0.049* | 0.23 | 50.8 (1.3) | 48.5 (14.1) | 48.4 (12.8) | 0.45 | 0.36 | 51.3 (12.1) | 49.5 (14.1) | 46.8 (12.2) | 0.10 | 0.79 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 119.0 (41.5) | 123.0 (46.6) | 115.4 (36.9) | 0.53 | 0.65 | 118.2 (42.1) | 125.2 (44.0) | 125.2 (44.0) | 0.24 | 0.62 | 119.3 (44.9) | 125.0 (41.8) | 113 (38.1) | 0.21 | 0.23 |
| FBS (mmol/l) | 103.5 (35.2) | 128.3 (55.4) | 128 (55.4) | 0.0001>* | 0.03* | 115.5 (51.0) | 106.6 (37.6) | 108.9 (33.6) | 0.43 | 0.15 | 115.3 (39.5) | 103.6 (33.3) | 112.5 (49.6) | 0.21 | 0.19 |
| hs-CRP | 3.6 (4.9) | 3.4 (4.7) | 3.63 (4.4) | 0.96 | 0.67 | 4.2 (4.8) | 3.64 (5.3) | 2.8 (2.8) | 0.18 | 0.39 | 3.1 (3.2) | 4.0 (5.8) | 3.5 (3.9) | 0.42 | 0.31 |
| Characteristics of kidney function between dietary pattern tertiles | |||||||||||||||
| Creatinine (serum) | 1.14 (0.3) | 1.30 (1.18) | 1.11 (1.0) | 0.40 | 0.33 | 1.11 (0.43) | 1.35 (1.49) | 1.09 (0.36) | 0.17 | 0.33 | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.21 (1.21) | 1.2 (0.9) | 0.26 | 0.46 |
| Urea (mg/dl) (serum) | 35.2 (19.2) | 34 (10.4) | 31.9 (12) | 0.37 | 0.67 | 34 (19.3) | 34.5 (13.32) | 32.6 (8.5) | 0.72 | 0.78 | 34.6 (12.1) | 35 (19.7) | 31.5 (9.0) | 0.25 | 0.45 |
| Microalbumin (μg/mg) (serum) | 4.5 (0.3) | 5.1 (4.6) | 4.6 (0.37) | 0.28 | 0.44 | 4.6 (0.3) | 4.6 (0.43) | 5.1 (4.6) | 0.45 | 0.56 | 4.5 (0.2) | 4.6 (0.3) | 5.1 (4.6) | 0.36 | 0.38 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) (urine) | 2.6 (1.5) | 2.4 (1.5) | 2.2 (1.0) | 0.18 | 0.69 | 2.4 (1.6) | 2.5 (1.3) | 2.3 (1.2) | 0.66 | 0.91 | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.7 (1.7) | 2.4 (1.3) | 0.028* | 0.035** |
| Microalbumin (μg/ml) (urine) | 73.5 (62.4) | 65.2 (61.3) | 70.8 (70.1) | 0.73 | 0.81 | 68.4 (68.7) | 73.2 (67.04) | 67.5 (57.3) | 0.85 | 0.78 | 63.8 (59.9) | 71 (66.1) | 73.7 (67.3) | 0.64 | 0.65 |
| ACR (mg/mmol) (urine) | 31.7 (42.2) | 24.8 (19.7) | 46.0 (108.3) | 0.17 | 0.45 | 31.0 (44.4) | 28.3 (23.8) | 43.7 (109.9) | 0.37 | 0.83 | 31.3 (42.9) | 29.5 (42) | 40.5 (98.4) | 0.57 | 0.71 |
| eGFR (ml/min) | 63.5 (31.9) | 58.4 (25) | 76.8 (52.0) | 0.01* | 0.042* | 64.6 (32.4) | 64.0 (33.8) | 70.1 (48.1) | 0.56 | 0.88 | 70.5 (51.7) | 63.2 (30.6) | 64.9 (29.8) | 0.47 | 0.35 |
P<0.05 were significance. *P<0.05; **P<0.1; ¥Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, BP, use of medications, dietary intakes of protein, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorous, supplement intake, socioeconomic status, and energy intake. BMI=Body mass index; BP=Blood pressure; WC=Waist circumference; SBP=Systolic BP; DBP=Diastolic BP; FBS=Fast blood sugar; TG=Triglyceride; T-chol=Total cholesterol; HDL-C=High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL=Low density lipoprotein; hs-CRP=High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; e-GFR=Estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACR=Albumin/creatinine ratio