TABLE 2.

Temporal effect of vitamins and minerals on chondrogenesis in basal media.

Component	Dose (% of maximal serum concentration‡)	Fold change vs. basal medium£
		Week
		0.4	1	2	3
Chromium	2.8 μg/L (10)	1.73*	2.05*	2.29*	2.0*8
Cobalt	9.00 μg/L (1000)	1.17	1.45	4.65*	1.03
Copper	6.70 mg/L (1000)	0.78	0.68	8.61*	0.16*
Iodine	920 μg/L (1000)	1.19*	1.37	4.79*	0.95
Manganese	60 μg/L (500)	1.06	1.04	4.33*	0.99
Molybdenum	20 μg/L (1000)	1.25	1.34	4.69*	1.11
α-linolenic acid	5.4 μg/L (0.1)	1.51*	1.37*	1.02	0.82
Vitamin A	0.078 μg/L (0.01)	1.94*	2.22*	3.23*	1.06
Vitamin B7	15.02 μg/L (500)	1.63*	1.68*	1.22	1.36
Vitamin B12	91.4 ng/L (10)	1.68*	1.70*	1.63*	1.37
Vitamin D	8.6 ng/L (10)	1.31*	1.02	0.86	0.68*
Vitamin E	18.4 mg/L (100)	1.51*	1.56*	1.44*	1.16
Vitamin K	22 μg/L (1000)	0.97	0.94	5.68*	1.04
Zinc	6.0 mg/L (500)	1.27	1.54	1.10	1.51*

^‡See Table 1 for normal reference range in blood or serum; synovial fluid is not regularly assessed for these components; defined chondrogenic media is supplemented with vitamin C and ITS + Premix which contains selenium and linoleic acid, which are absent in DMEM. *Significantly different vs. basal medium, two-way ANOVA p < 0.05 Sidak’s multiple comparison test. £Fold change of component supplemented luminescence relative to basal control luminescence of Gaussia luciferase from conditioned media.