TABLE 3.
Dose and temporal effect of vitamins and minerals in the presence of TGFβ1 on chondrogenesis.
| Component | Dose (% of maximal serum concentration‡) | Fold change vs. basal medium£ | |||
| Day | |||||
| 3 | 7 | 15 | 21 | ||
| Chromium | 28 ng/L (0.1)* | 2.2 | 8.2 | 29.1 | 43.3 |
| Cobalt | 90 pg/L (0.01)* | 1.8 | 5.0 | 22.1 | 39.5 |
| Copper | 67 ng/L (0.01)* | 1.9 | 5.6 | 23.5 | 41.3 |
| Iodine | 92 ng/L (0.1) | 2.5 | 5.4 | 17.4 | 25.4 |
| Manganese | 12 ng/L (0.1) | 1.8 | 5.8 | 16.4 | 21.6 |
| Molybdenum | 2 ng/L (0.1) | 1.7 | 5.2 | 15.3 | 20.5 |
| α-linolenic acid | 27 mg/L (50) | 2.0 | 7.1 | 27.1 | 34.8 |
| Thyroxine | 25 ng/L (147)* | 1.7 | 6.0 | 18.1 | 22.6 |
| Vitamin A | 78 ng/L (0.01) | 2.3 | 5.5 | 15.7 | 24.8 |
| Vitamin B7 | 3 ng/L (0.1) | 1.6 | 5.0 | 15.5 | 21.4 |
| Vitamin B12 | 914 ng/L (100)* | 1.9 | 7.2 | 35.5 | 52.2 |
| Vitamin D | 86 pg/L (0.01)* | 1.7 | 5.1 | 20.0 | 39.2 |
| Vitamin E | 18.4 mg/L (100) | 1.6 | 6.6 | 21.7 | 27.1 |
| Vitamin K | 11.0 μg/L (500)* | 2.6 | 8.1 | 24.7 | 36.2 |
| Zinc | 0.12 μg/L (0.01)* | 1.7 | 5.0 | 19.0 | 37.2 |
| TGFβ1 medium | 1 μg/L (956t) | 1.7 | 5.3 | 16.3 | 28.1 |
‡See Table 1 for normal reference range in blood or serum. tMaximum normal adult serum TGFβ1 is 104.6 pg/mL (Tas et al., 2014), this experiment used 1 ng/mL. Synovial fluid has ∼1.8 ng/mL latent TGFβ1 and <0.05 ng/mL active TGFβ1 (Albro et al., 2012); defined chondrogenic media is supplemented with vitamin C and ITS + Premix which contains selenium and linoleic acid, which are absent in DMEM. *Slope or intercept of linear regression significantly different compared to TGFβ1 supplemented basal medium p < 0.05. £Fold change of component supplemented luminescence relative to basal control luminescence of Gaussia luciferase from conditioned media.