Figure 1.

Neuroinflammation is increased with age after peripheral surgery. A‐B, Representative Western blot images of hippocampal TNF‐α, IL‐1β, SYP, and β‐actin expression at 6 and 72 h after tibial fracture. C‐D, The expression of TNF‐α increased in the aged hippocampus at both 6 and 72 h after surgery. E‐F, The level of IL‐1β increased in the aged hippocampus at 72 h after surgery. G‐H, The expression of synaptic protein SYP decreased in the aged hippocampus at 72 h after surgery. All data are presented as the mean ± SEM. n = 4‐7; *P < .05, **P < .01 vs age‐matched sham; #P < .05, ##P < .01 vs adult surgery, two‐way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test