TABLE 3.

Odds Ratio for Preoperative Benzodiazepine or Z-drug Prescription on Composite Outcome Adjusted for Covariates

	Total N	N (%) experiencing composite outcome	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Multivariable regression for benzodiazepine or Z-drug class
No prescription	690,459	15,474 (2.24)	Reference
Z-drug	35,324	1180 (3.34)	1.51 (1.42–1.60)	1.18 (1.11–1.26)
Short-/intermediate-acting benzodiazepine	49,961	1597 (3.20)	1.44 (1.37–1.52)	1.11 (1.05–1.17)
Long-acting benzodiazepine	9602	234 (2.44)	1.09 (0.96–1.24)	1.05 (0.91–1.20)
Multivariable regression for number of concurrent benzodiazepine or Z-drug prescriptions
No prescription	690,459	15,474 (2.24)	Reference
Prescription for only 1 class	84,042	2636 (3.14)	1.41 (1.35–1.47)	1.12 (1.07–1.17)
Prescription for >1 class	10,845	375 (3.46)	1.56 (1.41–1.73)	1.24 (1.11–1.38)

ORs adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, surgical procedure, comorbidities, opioid prescription, antidepressant prescription.