Table 1.
Author | Year | Property | Method of measurement | Results | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sin and Coburn [20] | 1983 | Electrical resistivity (phenomenological) | Computational modeling | ρe = 20 Ωm = σ.1/ρe = 0.05 S/m | Same value as that specified for epicardial fat |
Groen et al. [6] | 1988 | Innervation | Anatomical study | Dorsal dura is much less innervated compared to ventral dura | Dorsal nerves derived from the ventral dural plexus |
Patin et al. [14] | 1993 | Tensile strength | Instron biomechanical testing | Maximum was Ts = 98 N for samples 1.5 cm long by 1.0 cm wide | Longitudinal tensile strength 5 to 11 times greater the that of the transverse direction |
Vandenabeele et al. [9] | 1996 | Microscopic structure | Transmission electron microscopy |
|
Helically distributed extracelluar collagen |
Schenck [26] | 1996 | Magnetic susceptibility | Standard value accepted for soft tissues | χ ≈ −9 × 10−6 | Taken to be that of water at body temperature |
Runza et al. [8] | 1999 | Microscopic structure, tensile strength, stiffness | Scanning electron microscopy and monoxial tensile tests | Close correlation between the microstructural anatomy and biomechanical properties of lumbar dura mater | Stronger tensile strength and stiffness in the longitudinal direction |
Oates [25] | 2000 | Electrical resistivity (measured) | Impedance determined from voltage produced across a sample of dura mater through which constant amplitude currents were driven | Average resistivity: ρe = (67.4 ± 26.6) Ωcm |
Frequency range: 10 Hz to 5 kHz |
Genina et al. [29] | 2005 | Optical characteristics | Diffusion of aqueous mannitol to produce matching of indices of refraction |
n =1.474 (dural collagen fibrils) and n = 1.345 (dural interstitial fluid) at λ 589 nm |
The manitol infusion produced “optical clearing” of the membrane |
Chauvet et al. [7] | 2009 | Thickness | Optical microscopy/digital micrometer gauge | Mean: d = (1.106 ± 0.244) mm | Craniocervical junction specimens |
Watanabe et al. [32] | 2009 | MR imaging characteristics | Spinal MR imaging | Hypointense thin layer in T1and T2-weighted MRI | The T2-weighted images provide better visualization because of the higher contrast achieved relative to the surrounding structures |
McIntosh and Anderson [19] | 2010 | Thermal characteristics | Literature review | Heat capacity: s = 3364 J kg−1 °C−1 Thermal conductivity: k = 0.44 W m−1 °C−1 Water content = 68% Density: ρ = 1174 kg m−3 Blood flow rate = 38 ml min−1 100 g−1 Perfusive cooling strength = 28390 W m−3 °C−1 Metabolic heat production = 4144 W m−3 | Based in literature review the authors developed a database of thermal properties for 43 human tissues |