Table 3. Association of cardiovascular function parameters and cognitive function.

	Better Cardiovascular function	Worse Cardiovascular function
	PWV ≤10m/s n=45	PWV >10m/s n=38	p-value
			Crude	Adjusted
Memory
15-Word Verbal Learning Test immediate recall ↓	33.3 ± 1.2	31.6 ± 2.0	0.455	0.899
15-Word Verbal Learning Test delayed recall ↓	6.6 ± 0.4	5.9 ± 0.6	0.307	0.719
Executive function
Trail Making Test B (sec) ↑	140.6 ± 9.6	179.3 ± 12.2	0.009	0.184
SCWT III (sec) ↑	158.3 ± 15.6	173.5 ± 11.8	0.439	0.339
SCWT III corrected for SCWT II (sec) ↑	80.5 ± 14.0	87.6 ± 11.1	0.692	0.148
Psychomotor speed
Letter Digit Substitution Test (correct in 60 sec) ↓	24.6 ± 0.9	20.9 ± 1.3	0.021	0.179
Trail Making Test A (sec) ↑	51.6 ± 2.5	74.6 ± 8.7	0.008	0.030
Stroop Color and Word Test II (sec) ↑	77.8 ± 3.9	87.0 ± 6.7	0.241	0.361
	EF ≥50% n=65	EF <50% n=19
Memory
15-Word Verbal Learning Test immediate recall ↓	32.1 ± 1.2	32.5 ± 2.8	0.881	0.621
15-Word Verbal Learning Test delayed recall ↓	6.4 ± 0.4	5.7 ± 0.8	0.426	0.664
Executive function
Trail Making Test B (sec) ↑	160.4 ± 8.9	153.4 ± 19.2	0.809	0.728
SCWT III (sec) ↑	166.7 ± 11.7	164.8 ± 19.1	0.940	0.669
SCWT III corrected for SCWT II (sec) ↑	86.4 ± 10.3	75.9 ± 19.8	0.633	0.392
Psychomotor Speed
Letter Digit Substitution Test (correct in 60 sec) ↓	23.4 ± 0.8	21.3 ± 1.9	0.265	0.383
Trail Making Test A (sec) ↑	59.2 ± 4.4	73.4 ± 12.3	0.186	0.274
Stroop Color and Word Test II (sec) ↑	80.9 ± 3.2	88.9 ± 12.8	0.377	0.459
	CI >2.2 l/min/m2 n=56	CI≤2.2 l/min/m2 n=27
Memory
15-Word Verbal Learning Test immediate recall ↓	33.2 ± 1.4	30.1 ± 1.9	0.207	0.219
15-Word Verbal Learning Test delayed recall ↓	6.9 ± 0.4	4.9 ± 0.5	0.004	0.003
Executive function
Trail Making Test B (sec) ↑	149.6 ± 8.7	176. ± 16.6	0.156	0.191
SCWT III (sec) ↑	164.5 ± 13.1	171.4 ± 15.6	0.748	0.978
SCWT III corrected for SCWT II (sec) ↑	85.1 ± 12.9	84.3 ± 10.0	0.966	0.712
Psychomotor Speed
Letter Digit Substitution Test (correct in 60 sec) ↓	23.4 ± 0.9	21.5 ± 1.5	0.266	0.349
Trail Making Test A (sec) ↑	59.9 ± 4.4	68.1 ± 10.1	0.384	0.414
Stroop Color and Word Test II (sec) ↑	80.2 ± 4.6	87.1 ± 6.5	0.387	0.428

Values are mean ± SE. ↓↑ indicates that a higher (↑) or lower (↓) score means a worse cognitive function.

P-values are assessed using linear regression models, unadjusted and multivariate adjusted for age, sex and education, comparing low versus high pulse wave velocity, ejection fraction and cardiac index.

Abbreviations: CI, cardiac index; EF, ejection fraction; PWV, pulse wave velocity