Table 2. The results of the association between the each class of antihypertensive medications and bladder cancer risk.
| Comparison | ACEI vs nonuse | ARB vs nonuse | ||||||
| Category | n | RR 95% CI | I2(%) | P(h) | n | RR 95% CI | I2(%) | P(h) |
| Bladder | 6 | 1.04 (1.00,1.08) | 0.0 | 0.562 | 5 | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11) | 0.0 | 0.515 |
| Adjustment of individual estimates for hypertension | ||||||||
| Yes | 2 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.09) | 52.9 | 0.145 | 2 | 1.10 (1.04, 1.15) | 0.0 | 0.740 |
| No | 4 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.0 | 0.636 | 3 | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.0 | 0.691 |
| Adjustment of individual estimates for smoking | ||||||||
| Yes | 2 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.0 | 0.5 | 2 | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.0 | 0.723 |
| No | 4 | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 11.7 | 0.334 | 3 | 1.10 (1.04, 1.15) | 0.0 | 0.737 |
| Comparison | CCB vs nonuse | Diuretics vs nonuse | ||||||
| Category | n | RR 95% CI | I2(%) | P(h) | n | RR 95% CI | I2(%) | P(h) |
| Bladder | 7 | 1.16 (0.91, 1.47) | 83.2 | 0.000 | 3 | 1.16 (0.93, 1.46) | 85.8 | 0.001 |
| Adjustment of individual estimates for hypertension | ||||||||
| Yes | 2 | 1.51 (1.21, 1.88) | 86.3 | 0.007 | 2 | 1.23 (1.96, 1.58) | 91.2 | 0.001 |
| No | 5 | 0.90 (0.73, 1.13) | 19.1 | 0.293 | 1 | 0.93 (0.64, 1.36) | - | - |
| Adjustment of individual estimates for smoking | ||||||||
| Yes | 3 | 0.77 (0.59, 1.00) | 0.0 | 0.570 | 1 | 0.93 (0.64, 1.36) | - | - |
| No | 4 | 1.33 (1.07, 1.65) | 81.1 | 0.001 | 2 | 1.23 (1.96, 1.58) | 91.2 | 0.001 |
ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; CCB: calcium-channel blockers; BB: beta-blockers; (h): heterogeneity; n: number of study.