Table 3. The results of the association between the each class of antihypertensive medications and kidney cancer risk.
| Comparison | ACEI vs nonuse | ARB vs nonuse | BB vs nonuse | |||||||||
| Category | n | RR 95% CI | I2(%) | P(h) | n | RR 95% CI | I2(%) | P(h) | n | RR 95% CI | I2(%) | P(h) |
| Kidney | 4 | 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) | 66.2 | 0.031 | 3 | 1.29 (1.22, 1.37) | 0.0 | 0.552 | 3 | 1.46 (1.02, 2.10) | 51.5 | 0.127 |
| Renal cell | 6 | 1.48 (0.97, 2.28) | 54.1 | 0.054 | 1 | 1.10 (0.57, 2.11) | - | - | 9 | 1.31 (1.01, 1.69) | 63.9 | 0.005 |
| All kidney | 10 | 1.24 (1.04, 1.48) | 71.1 | 0.000 | 4 | 1.29 (1.22, 1.37) | 0.0 | 0.699 | 12 | 1.36 (1.11, 1.66) | 58.3 | 0.006 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Women | 3 | 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) | 0.0 | 0.534 | 1 | 1.25 (1.15, 1.36) | - | - | 2 | 0.73 (0.14, 3.74) | 88.2 | 0.004 |
| Men | 3 | 1.03 (0.38, 2.80) | 64.8 | 0.058 | 1 | 1.33 (1.23, 1.43) | - | - | 2 | 0.99 (0.54, 1.82) | 26.5 | 0.243 |
| All | 4 | 1.39 (0.93, 2.07) | 73.8 | 0.010 | 2 | 1.14 (0.62, 2.10) | 0.0 | 0.750 | 8 | 1.48 (1.23, 1.77) | 46.9 | 0.068 |
| Adjustment of individual estimates for hypertension | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 5 | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 13.0 | 0.331 | 2 | 1.29 (1.22, 1.37) | 14.0 | 0.281 | 5 | 1.00 (0.63, 1.58) | 64.9 | 0.023 |
| No | 5 | 1.62 (1.07, 2.44) | 50.8 | 0.087 | 2 | 1.14 (0.62, 2.10) | 0.0 | 0.750 | 7 | 1.52 (1.26, 1.84) | 41.1 | 0.117 |
| Adjustment of individual estimates for smoking | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.10 (0.33, 3.71) | 50.2 | 0.111 | 4 | 0.92 (0.53. 1.60) | 71.9 | 0.014 | ||||
| No | 6 | 1.22 (1.03, 1.45) | 79.5 | 0.000 | 4 | 1.29 (1.22, 1.37) | 0.0 | 0.699 | 8 | 1.49 (1.22, 1.82) | 46.7 | 0.069 |
| Comparison | CCB vs nonuse | Diuretics vs nonuse | Any antihypertensive medications vs nonuse | |||||||||
| Category | n | RR 95% CI | I2(%) | P(h) | n | RR 95% CI | I2(%) | P(h) | n | RR 95% CI | I2(%) | P(h) |
| Kidney | 6 | 1.71 (1.58, 1.85) | 45.7 | 0.101 | 2 | 1.43 (1.12, 1.82) | 90.5 | 0.001 | ||||
| Renal cell | 6 | 1.35 (1.12, 1.63) | 0.0 | 0.971 | 25 | 1.34 (1.16, 1.54) | 64.1 | 0.000 | 12 | 1.45 (1.20, 1.75) | 68.3 | 0.000 |
| All kidney | 12 | 1.65 (1.54, 1.78) | 27.9 | 0.171 | 27 | 1.34 (1.19, 1.51) | 68.0 | 0.000 | ||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Women | 3 | 1.90 (1.68, 2.16) | 0.0 | 0.525 | 10 | 1.58 (1.27, 1.97) | 56.4 | 0.014 | 2 | 1.09 (0.17, 6.79) | 90.9 | 0.001 |
| Men | 3 | 1.62 (1.46, 1.80) | 0.0 | 0.845 | 8 | 1.16 (0.92, 1.48) | 60.6 | 0.013 | 2 | 0.97 (0.61, 1.57) | 25.9 | 0.245 |
| All | 6 | 1.35 (1.15, 1.60) | 0.0 | 0.678 | 9 | 1.31 (1.04, 1.64) | 79.1 | 0.000 | 8 | 1.48 (1.26, 1.73) | 47.4 | 0.065 |
| Adjustment of individual estimates for hypertension | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 5 | 1.70 (1.57, 1.83) | 54.5 | 0.066 | 20 | 1.35 (1.17, 1.54) | 74.0 | 0.000 | 8 | 1.34 (1.05, 1.70) | 68.3 | 0.002 |
| No | 7 | 1.40 (1.15, 1.70) | 0.0 | 0.782 | 7 | 1.34 (1.07, 1.68) | 27.3 | 0.220 | 4 | 1.74 (1.19, 2.53) | 72.9 | 0.011 |
| Adjustment of individual estimates for smoking | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.15 (0.55, 2.40) | 0.0 | 0.890 | 15 | 1.33 (1.13, 1.58) | 55.9 | 0.004 | 10 | 1.36 (1.09, 1.69) | 67.7 | 0.001 |
| No | 8 | 1.66 (1.54, 1.78) | 48.9 | 0.057 | 12 | 1.36 (1.16, 1.60) | 72.9 | 0.000 | 2 | 1.86 (1.23, 2.82) | 59.1 | 0.118 |
ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blockers; CCB: calcium-channel blockers; BB: beta-blockers; (h): heterogeneity; n: number of study.